Shin hydrogen da gaske ne man fetur na gaba? Hyundai, Honda da Toyota sun ce eh kuma sun gabatar da samfuran farko da aka samar da wannan man a filin wasan Tokyo da Los Angeles, wanda ya zo kasuwa tsakanin 2014 da 2015.
An yi mana alƙawarin motocin hydrogen a matsayin gaskiya na zahiri kuma mai iya samun damar tun daga shekarun 1990. Motoci masu amfani da man fetur (manyan man fetur) motocin da ake amfani da su na lantarki ne yadda ya kamata, amma a maimakon dogaro da wani nau'in batura don samar da makamashin da ake buƙata, wannan yana farawa don samar da shi. da motar kanta. Halin sinadarai tsakanin hydrogen da aka adana a cikin tanki da iskar oxygen da ke cikin iska yana haifar da kuzarin da ake buƙata don sarrafa injin lantarki, tare da tururin ruwa shine kawai fitar da hayaki.
Tsaftace, ba shakka, amma har yanzu akwai batutuwa da yawa da ba a warware su ba kafin isa ga Nirvana wanda zai zama tattalin arzikin hydrogen maimakon tattalin arzikin mai da ake da shi. Daga farashi (waɗanda ke raguwa), zuwa abubuwan da ake buƙata na samar da kayayyaki, zuwa (m) matsalar samar da hydrogen. Duk da kasancewarsa mafi yawan abubuwan da ke cikin sararin samaniya, abin takaici ba ya ƙyale “girbi” kai tsaye, ba kasancewar tushen makamashi na farko ba. A ko da yaushe hydrogen yana tare da wasu abubuwa, don haka ya zama dole a raba shi. Anan ya ta'allaka ne mafi girman batun tattaunawa game da yuwuwar hydrogen a matsayin man fetur na gaba. Ƙarfin da ake buƙata don "ƙirƙira" hydrogen gaba ɗaya yana lalata ingantaccen tsarin duka.
Duk da haka, a cikin shekaru 20 da suka wuce, mun ga masana'antun suna ci gaba da bin wannan hanya, suna samun ci gaba mai mahimmanci a fannin fasaha, ta yadda daga shekara mai zuwa za mu sami motoci masu amfani da man fetur da za a yi a jere. Gaskiya ne cewa motocin hydrogen sun riga sun kasance kadan a ko'ina. Ko da a Portugal, muna da wasu motocin gwaji na STCP da ke yawo a Porto. Amma kamar bas-bas na STCP, duk sauran motocin-cell ɗin man fetur kawai ayyukan gwaji ne, iyakacin iyaka a cikin kasuwancin su ko haɓaka, kuma ba sa samuwa ga kasuwa gabaɗaya.
Honda ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin samfuran da suka fi yin fare akan wannan fasaha, kuma nata ne, watakila, mafi kyawun fuskar wannan hanyar motsa jiki, FCX Clarity (a cikin hoton da ke sama). An ƙaddamar da shi a cikin 2008, an isar da shi ga kusan abokan ciniki 200 a cikin Amurka, Turai da Japan, waɗanda ke aiki a matsayin matukin jirgi na samfurin. Duk da ci gaban da Honda ya yi, ba za ta iya fara buɗe motar hydrogen ta farko da aka kera ba.
An gabatar da shi a salon a Los Angeles, kuma ana shirin yin siyar da shi a cikin Amurka (da farko an iyakance ga jihar California, kamar yadda akwai 9 daga cikin tashoshi 10 na hydrogen a Amurka) wanda zai fara wannan bazara, Korean Hyundai ya lashe wannan tseren tare da gabatar da Tucson Fuel Cell (mu iX35). A fili Tucson kamar sauran mutane da yawa, abin da ke ɓoye a ƙarƙashin jiki Hyundai ya kira shi a matsayin motar lantarki na gaba.
Abubuwan da ake amfani da su a kan motar lantarki da batura ke aiki a bayyane: an kiyasta ikon cin gashin kansa na 480km, cika tankin hydrogen a cikin ƙasa da minti 10 kuma yanayin sanyi ba shi da matsala, kamar yadda aka lura a cikin hanyar da suka shafi karfin baturi. kamar duba akan Leaf Nissan. Kuma kamar kowace mota mai amfani da wutar lantarki, tana da shiru, ba ta da gurɓatacciya, kuma ana iya samun karfin wutar lantarki mai karfin Nm 300.
Ana samun ta hanyar haya kawai, abokan cinikin Hyundai Tucson-cell mai zuwa za su fitar da $499 (kimanin € 372) kowane wata na tsawon watanni 36. Amma a gefe guda, hydrogen yana da kyauta! Eh, duk wanda ya sayi wannan Hyundai ba sai ya biya kudin hydrogen da aka cinye ba. Shin wannan abin ƙarfafawa ya isa?
A daidai wannan salon da ke Los Angeles, Honda ta kuma gabatar da shirinta na kai hari ga ƙwayoyin mai. Hyundai ya yi tsammanin, amma Honda ba ta da nisa a baya, kuma, mai ban mamaki, ya gabatar da ra'ayi na gaba mai suna FCEV. . Yana kama da wani abu daga fim ɗin sci-fi kuma ya bambanta sosai da “ɓacin rai” na Tucson da bayyanar ƙasa. Za a gabatar da FCEV a sigar ta ta ƙarshe a cikin 2015, kuma tabbas salon har sai lokacin zai kasance mai narkewa sosai, tare da Honda da kanta tana iƙirarin cewa FCEV tana aiki ne kawai a matsayin maƙasudin jagorar salo na gaba. FCEV, duk da haka, da alama ita ce farkon abin da za a iya ɗauka game da tsoro na gani da BMW ya gabatar tare da kewayon sa, musamman i8, wanda a gani yana lalata motar ta hanyar "yadudduka".
Wataƙila mafi mahimmanci fiye da kayan ado shine abin da ke ƙarƙashin fata. Akwai mahimman ci gaba game da FCX Clarity. Honda yana ba da sanarwar jeri sama da 480km, tare da ƙwayoyin mai suna samun ƙarfin ƙarfi (3kW/L, 60% fiye da FCX Clarity) yayin da yake kusan kusan na uku mafi ƙaranci, sake amfani da FCX Clarity azaman tunani. Hakanan yayi alƙawarin sake cikawa a cikin mintuna 3, idan an yarda da tsarin tare da matsa lamba na 70 MPa (Mega Pascal). Ƙaƙƙarfan tsarin ya ba da damar Honda, a karon farko, don iyakance shi zuwa ɗakin injin kawai. A cikin FCX Clarity, ƙwayoyin mai suna cikin rami na tsakiya, suna raba gidan gida biyu.
Ketare Pacific, mun sauka a Tokyo Motor Show, inda Toyota ya gabatar da juyin halitta na FCV-R ra'ayi, wanda aka bayyana a wannan wurin shekaru biyu da suka wuce. THE Toyota FCV yana kusa da samar da layin, tare da Toyota rike da m hasashen cewa a 2015 ya kamata ya fara tallata shi.
A gani yana da kalubale, tare da salo mai ban sha'awa kuma ba a cika cika ba. Daga kalmomin Toyota, salo mai salo ya zo daga ruwa mai gudana da… catamaran. Manufar ita ce, iskar da ke shiga ta manyan iskar gas, tana mayar da martani da hydrogen, ba ta zama komai ba sai tururin ruwa. Bambance-bambancen da ke tsakanin layin jiki na ruwa da gefuna masu kaifi na jiki ya wuce kima. Da fatan sigar samarwa ta sami daidai daidai gwargwadon sassa ga duka, da ma duka. Mota ce doguwa, mai tsayin mita 1.53 (tsayin Smart), don haka fadin 1.81m kamar kadan ne, haka kuma ƙafafun suna da alama kadan kadan.
Toyota ya yi iƙirarin cewa FCV za ta sami kujeru 4 (jirgin sama na Honda yana tallata kujeru 5) kuma yayi alƙawarin kewayon karimci sama da 500km. Kamar Honda FCEV, zai kuma ba da ƙarfin ƙarfin 3kW / L kuma irin wannan 70 MPa na matsa lamba don tanki da mai kuma Toyota ya sanar da shi, yana ba da damar yin man fetur na minti 3 ko ma ƙasa da haka.
Duk da tallan da ake yi a matsayin jerin motocin kera, samuwarsu da farko za ta kasance mai iyaka, saboda ƙarancin ababen more rayuwa. Babu isassun gidajen mai da za su haɓaka sana'ar kasuwancin waɗannan motocin mai, duk da adadin da ake iya faɗi na karuwa. Mafi kyawun kasuwa na farko shine jihar California a Amurka, amma an riga an siyar da waɗannan motocin a Turai da Japan.
A wasu kalmomi, kamar yadda motocin lantarki masu amfani da baturi, fara kasuwanci na farko ana sa ran zai kasance a hankali, watakila ma a hankali. Kuma ba a hango wani babban ci gaba a cikin gajeren lokaci da matsakaici, yayin da tattaunawa game da yiwuwar hydrogen a matsayin makamashi na gaba yana da yawa. Wasu magina suna da'awar cewa hydrogen matattu ne, yayin da wasu ke ganin shi a matsayin manufa, mafita na dogon lokaci. Har zuwa wannan lokacin, cikin shekaru goma za mu sami waɗannan sabbin shawarwari guda uku a kasuwa don ɗaukar hankalin rabin duniya.