Zaka khumi za 2011 ndi 2020 sizinali zophweka makamaka pamakampani amagalimoto. Kupatula apo, pazaka 10 zapitazi, dziko lamagalimoto lakumana ndi zovuta zazikulu m'mbiri yake.
Kuchokera pavuto lazachuma padziko lonse lapansi, mpaka kukulitsa malamulo oletsa kuwononga chilengedwe, mpaka ku nkhani yotulutsa mpweya, zaka khumi zikuwoneka kuti zafika pachimake pakulengeza kwachuma kwakukulu kuti athetse kuyika magetsi ndi makina a digito pamagalimoto.
Kuti athane ndi zonsezi, opanga magalimoto ambiri ndi magulu adaganiza zotsatira mfundo yakuti "umodzi ndi mphamvu". M'malo mokhala zachilendo mumsika wamagalimoto, mayanjano, migwirizano komanso kuphatikizana pakati pa opanga kwachulukiranso m'zaka khumi zapitazi, zomwe zidapangitsa kutha kwa mtundu wa "monyada wokha".
Wina wa novelties anali kulowa amphamvu mu zochitika mayiko opanga magalimoto Chinese ndi magulu, amene anapita kunja kwa chiyambi cha zaka khumi ndi zisudzo kutsogolera, kugwirizanitsa (ndi ndalama) otchuka zopangidwa European, kutenga mwayi, mwa njira imeneyi. , lowani mumsika umene unatseka zitseko zake.
eni ake onse
Kuyambira ndendende ku Middle Kingdom, pali gulu lamagalimoto lomwe ladziwika bwino m'zaka khumi zapitazi: Geely (Zhejiang Geely Holding Group Co., Ltd). Ndili ndi zaka 34, chimphona chamakampani amagalimotochi chimadziwika kuti chidatuluka ngati njira yamoyo ya Volvo mu 2010, panthawi yomwe wopanga waku Sweden adasiya gawo la Ford.
Lembetsani ku kalata yathu yamakalata
Kuyambira nthawi imeneyo, Volvo yadzikonzanso yokha ndipo ikupitiriza kukula, kupezanso kutchuka, malonda ndi phindu. Geely sangayime apa. Inakhazikitsa mitundu iwiri ku Europe - Lynk & Co mu 2016 ndi Polestar mu 2017 -, idagulanso Lotus, yomwe (komanso) idzabetcherana kwambiri pamagetsi, ndipo idakhalanso ndi gawo ku Daimler (kampani ya makolo a Mercedes-Benz ndi Smart. ). Sizikuwoneka kwa ife kuti ayima apa...
Ngakhale kuti sitinasiye chikoka cha China pa tsogolo la magulu a magalimoto a ku Ulaya, tili ndi Dongfeng, yomwe inatha kuchita nawo gawo lalikulu populumutsa a French ku Groupe PSA. Mavuto azachuma a 2008 adayika gulu lachifalansa m'mavuto akulu kumayambiriro kwa zaka khumi, koma Dongfeng - gulu lomwe Groupe PSA idagwirizana kale ku China - pamodzi ndi dziko la France adakwanitsa kupulumutsa gululo.
Kuyika Carlos Tavares kukhala mtsogoleri wa gulu lachifalansa kunalinso chinthu chofunikira kwambiri popanga Groupe PSA kukhala imodzi mwamagulu agalimoto amphamvu kwambiri m'zaka zaposachedwa, osabwereranso ku phindu lokha, komanso kukwaniritsa thanzi lazachuma lomwe lingatheke. wamphamvu. Mpaka powonjezera mtundu wina ku zomwe zilipo (Opel) ndikupanga ina yodziyimira payokha (DS Automobiles).
Ponena za Opel, anali m'modzi mwa otsutsa "mkuntho" ku GM (General Motors) pambuyo pavuto lazachuma. Pambuyo poyesera koyamba kuti agulitse pambuyo pavutoli - kupeŵa kuwonongeka komweko kwa mayina a mbiri yakale monga Saab kapena Pontiac - pamapeto pake adzagulitsidwa (monga "mapasa" ake, Vauxhall) ku Groupe PSA mu 2017. Mtundu waku Germany wakwanitsa kubwerera ku phindu - mu 2018 - zomwe sizinachitike kuyambira… 1999!
"Mwiniwake wa zonsezi" (kwa nthawi yayitali anali gulu lalikulu kwambiri la magalimoto padziko lapansi), GM, kumbali ina, sanasiye pambuyo pa zovuta zomwe zimachepetsa kupezeka kwake padziko lapansi. Idachotsa mitundu ingapo, idasiya misika ingapo ndikumaliza ntchito zake zamafakitale m'maiko angapo.
Anati "kutsanzikana" kotsimikizika ku Europe - adagulitsa Opel ndi Chevrolet adasiya "Old Continent" mu 2016 -, akuyang'ana kwambiri misika yake yopindulitsa kwambiri, monga North America, ndikuphatikiza kupezeka kwake ku "El Dorado" womwe ndi msika waku China, kwambiri kudzera ku Buick.
Renault-Nissan Alliance idakhalanso Renault-Nissan-Mitsubishi Alliance kuyambira 2016, italandidwa ndi Nissan 34% ya likulu la Mitsubishi mu 2016, kukhala ogawana nawo ambiri.
Koma mwina chochititsa chidwi kwambiri pazaka khumi zapitazi chikuyenera kukhala kuphatikizana pakati pa Groupe PSA ndi FCA (Fiat Chrysler Automobiles) yomwe idalengezedwa mu 2019 ndikuthetsedwa koyambirira kwa 2021 zomwe zidayambitsa chimphona chatsopano chagalimoto: Stellantis.
Nkhani ya FCA ndiyodabwitsa. Pambuyo pakupeza Chrysler yemwe adasokonekera mu 2009, bungwe latsopanoli lidzakhazikitsidwa mu 2014 ndi kuphatikiza kwa Fiat Group ndi Chrysler. Komabe, sizinali zokwanira. Motsogoleredwa ndi Sergio Marchionne (tsopano wamwalira), anali mmodzi mwa oyamba kuvomereza poyera kuti, m'tsogolomu, makampaniwa akanatha kuthetsa mavuto onse ndi kulimbikitsana kwambiri.
Kwa zaka zambiri, Marchionne adafunafuna mnzake kuti achepetse ndalama ndikuwonjezera ma synergies. Kusaka uku kudapangitsa FCA "tsiku" General Motors ndi Hyundai, ndipo adayandikira kumanga mfundo ndi Renault. Mwina chokopa chachikulu kuti gulu lirilonse lilowe nawo FCA linali khomo lalikulu la msika wa North America ndi mwayi wopeza phindu la Jeep ndi Ram. Ndani ankadziwa kuti, pambuyo pa maulendo onsewa, adzalowa gulu lachifalansa?
Ponena za Volkswagen Group, imodzi mwamagulu akulu kwambiri pamagalimoto padziko lapansi, idakhala ndi zaka khumi zovuta zodziwika ndi Dieselgate, komanso ndalama zochulukirapo pakuyika magetsi. Komabe, mofananamo, sichinali cholepheretsa kuti chimphona cha Germany chipitirize kuonjezera mbiri yake ya malonda. Mu 2012 idawonjezera Ducati, MAN ndi Porsche.
Anzanga, ndikufunirani chiyani?
Kuphatikizira ntchito (kuchepetsa ndalama ndi kuchulukitsa chuma chambiri), kugula ndi kuphatikizira mwina ndi njira yabwino yokwaniritsira. Koma izi sizikutanthauza kuti ndi njira yokhayo: mayanjano a madera ena afala kwambiri (komanso ofunika) m'zaka khumi zapitazi. Chilichonse chokumana ndi kukwera mtengo kwachitukuko ndi kupanga.
Mwina umboni wabwino koposa wa kufunikira kwa mayanjano waperekedwa ndi Daimler. Kwa zaka zambiri "monyadira yekha", pakati pa 2011 ndi 2020 mtundu waku Germany unagwira ntchito kuposa kale lonse pamodzi ndi opanga ena.
Odziwika bwino mwa maubwenzi awa anali ndi Renault-Nissan Alliance. Sikuti idangodzuka pogwiritsa ntchito 1.5 dCi ndi 1.6 dCi (Class A, CLA, Class C), idapanganso limodzi ndi Alliance (Mitsubishi inali isanakwane) injini yamafuta ya 1.33 Turbo.
Koma pali zinanso: Daimler adapanga m'badwo waposachedwa wa Smart fortwo/forfour ndi Renault Twingo "pakati" ndi Renault ndipo adatengera mwayi wodziwa mtundu waku France m'malo otsatsa ang'onoang'ono kuti apange Mercedes-Benz Citan. , Baibulo lachijeremani lochokera ku Kangoo. Renault-Nissan Alliance idagwiritsa ntchito mwayi pa nsanja ya A-Class MFA kukhazikitsa Infiniti Q30 ndi QX30 (mwatsoka iwo sanapambane ndipo ntchito zawo zidatha).
Chochititsa chidwi ndi kuyandikira kwa Aston Martin wolemba Daimler. Choyamba ndi kupereka kwa injini (V8) ndi zipangizo zamagetsi, ndipo posachedwapa ndi kupeza gawo la wopanga British.
Pankhani yaukadaulo, Daimler adavomerezanso mfundo yakuti "umodzi ndi mphamvu" (ndi kuchepetsa ndalama), mwachitsanzo, atapeza ntchito ya Nokia PANO ndi otsutsana nawo BMW ndi Audi. Akadali ndi BMW, Daimler adagwirizanitsa kampani yake Car2Go ndi Share Now - makampani ogawana magalimoto - kupanga Drive Now. "Adani" awiriwa adakali pamodzi pakupanga matekinoloje oyendetsa galimoto.
Komanso polankhula za BMW, kampaniyo idaganiza zolumikizana ndi Toyota ndipo pamodzi adapanga osati mitundu iwiri yokha yamasewera - BMW Z4 ndi Toyota GR Supra - komanso kugwirira ntchito limodzi m'malo ena omwe mudzawona pambuyo pake.
Osasiya mutu wamasewera, panalinso zina zomwe zidachitika chifukwa cha mgwirizano pakati pa opanga awiri: Mazda MX-5 / Fiat 124 Spider / Abarth 124 Spider ndi Toyota GT86 / Subaru BRZ.
Kuyika magetsi galimoto? ndikofunikira kugwirizanitsa
Zambiri zanenedwa ponena za kusintha kofulumira kwa magalimoto agalimoto. Mbali yaikulu ya kusinthaku ikuphatikizapo kuyika magetsi pang'onopang'ono m'galimoto, kusintha komwe kumabweretsa ndalama zambiri. Sikoyenera kokha kukhala ndi luso latsopano ndikupanga matekinoloje atsopano, komanso kuti musinthe mawonekedwe a mafakitale omwe alipo ndikupanga yatsopano (mafakitale a batri, mwachitsanzo).
Ndalama zazikulu zomwe zimafunikira zidzangolipira ngati pali chuma chambiri, koma si onse omwe ali nawo m'makampaniwa ndipo chifukwa chake mayanjano atsopano adapangidwa pankhaniyi, mwina kugawana ndalama zachitukuko kapena kupereka ukadaulo.
Ford ndi Volkswagen, ngakhale anali zimphona ziwiri zamagalimoto, "anagwirana manja" ... kachiwiri. Pambuyo popanga Ford Galaxy / Volkswagen Sharan / SEAT Alhambra pamodzi ku Palmela, nthawi ino Volkswagen idzapereka nsanja yotchuka yamagetsi amtundu wa MEB ku Ford.
Si iwo okha. Honda, m'modzi mwa omanga ochepa "monyada" yekha, adakhazikitsidwa, mu 2020, mgwirizano ndi General Motors, kuti agwirizane kupanga mitundu yamagetsi yamtundu waku Japan wokhala ndi mabatire a Ultium a chimphona chaku America.
Pa nthawi yomweyo, Japanese Mazda, Toyota ndi Denso "anagwirizana manja" ndipo pamodzi anapanga kampani latsopano zaka zitatu zapitazo. Cholinga cha mgwirizano umenewu? Kupanga ukadaulo woyambira wamagalimoto amagetsi. Komanso ku Toyota, ubale wake wovuta kwambiri ndi Subaru umakhudzanso kupanga magalimoto amagetsi.
Daimler, nayenso, adagwirizana ndi Geely kuti apange ndi kupanga ku China mbadwo wotsatira wa zitsanzo zazing'ono za Smart, zomwe zidzapitirire kukhala magetsi okha.
Kuyika magetsi pamagalimoto sikungochitika kuchokera kumagetsi kupita ku mabatire. Tekinoloje yamafuta amafuta (hydrogen fuel cell) imakhala kutali kwambiri pakapita nthawi, koma ikuwoneka kuti ikuyamba kukwera, makamaka ikalumikizidwa ndi magalimoto onyamula katundu wolemera. Volvo ndi Daimler agwirizana mbali iyi, mwachitsanzo, pamagalimoto awo amtsogolo.
Ponena za magalimoto, mwina sizingachitike mwachangu, koma pali mayanjano angapo omwe adakhazikitsidwa kale mumakampani okhudzana ndiukadaulo wama cell a hydrogen: kachiwiri BMW ndi Toyota, komanso pakati pa Hyundai Motor Group ndi Audi.
Pomaliza, kuyika magetsi pamagalimoto sikungathe popanda ma hybrids. Apanso, Toyota akutenga gawo lodziwika bwino pano, atakhazikitsa maubwenzi angapo kuti apereke ukadaulo wake ndi / kapena zitsanzo. Mmodzi wa iwo anali ndi Suzuki, atayambitsa kukhazikitsidwa kwa zitsanzo ziwiri, Swace ndi Across. "Chitsanzo chabwino chakale" cha uinjiniya wa baji zomwe zidalola Suzuki kukhala ndi mitundu iwiri yosakanizidwa ku Europe popanda mtengo wokulirapo wokhudzana ndi ukadaulo uwu.
Suzuki Swace imachokera ku Toyota Corolla…
Mazda amagwiritsanso ntchito ukadaulo wosakanizidwa wa Toyota, ndikuwugwiritsa ntchito kumitundu ngati Mazda3, koma malonda ake amangopezeka kumisika ina monga yaku Japan. Kugwirizana pakati pa Mazda ndi Toyota kumafikira kumadera ambiri: kuyambira pomanga fakitale wamba ku US mpaka kukhazikitsidwa kwa mtundu wa Yaris Hybrid ku Europe ndi Mazda.
Ndikosavuta kugwirira ntchito limodzi
Ndipo ngati m'dziko la magalimoto onyamula anthu, mgwirizano ndi mgwirizano zikuchulukirachulukira, m'magalimoto amalonda (FCA-PSA, mwachitsanzo, kapena pakati pa Volkswagen-Daimler) ndi zachilendo ndipo m'zaka khumi zapitazi sizinali zosiyana.
Choncho, pofunafuna kupambana kotayika mu gawo la katundu wopepuka, Toyota inagwirizana ndi Stellantis (pamenepo akadali PSA) kuti apange Toyota ProAce ndi ProAce City. Woyamba adabwera kudzatenga malo a Hiace, pomwe wachiwiri, kuyambira pansi pa Citroën Berlingo, Peugeot Partner ndi Opel Combo, adatengera Toyota ku gawo lomwe silinakhalepo.
ProAce City idawonetsa kuwonekera koyamba kwa Toyota pakati pazamalonda ang'onoang'ono.
Ponena za Mercedes-Benz, idatengera mwayi paubwenzi ndi Renault-Nissan-Mitsubishi Alliance ndipo kuphatikiza pakukhazikitsa Citan (yochokera ku Kangoo) idapanga chithunzi chake choyamba padziko lonse lapansi, X-Class. msuweni" wa komanso zisanachitikepo Renault Alaskan, Mercedes-Benz X-Maphunziro ndi umboni wakuti "monga gulu" n'zosavuta (ndi zotchipa) kufika zigawo zatsopano.
Pomaliza, komanso pankhani zamalonda, Ford ndi Volkswagen azigwirizana. Mwanjira imeneyi, wolowa m'malo wa Ford Ranger adzapereka m'badwo wachiwiri wa… Volkswagen Amarok. Wolowa m'malo mwa Ford Transit Connect, yaying'ono kwambiri pa Transit, ichokera ku Volkswagen Caddy yatsopano. Mbadwo wotsatira wa Volkswagen Transporter udzapangidwa ndi Ford, ndiye kuti, Transporter adzakhala "mlongo" wa Ford Transit.
Mgwirizano wina wamagalimoto onyamula katundu womwe udatha kukhala ndi zotsatira zochepa zamalonda unali pakati pa Fiat ndi Mitsubishi, yomwe inali yoyamba kugulitsa Fullback, "clone" ya L200 yodziwika bwino.
Ferrari: modzikuza yekha
Chochititsa chidwi n'chakuti, m'zaka khumi zodziwika ndi mgwirizano ndi mgwirizano, panali chizindikiro chomwe chinatsatira njira ina ndipo, pakadali pano, chokha, chofanana ndi woyambitsa wake: Ferrari.
Pambuyo pa zaka 45 pansi pa "chipewa" cha Fiat, zizindikiro zoyamba zolekanitsa zidawonekera mu 2014, ndi Sergio Marchionne akuwona mwayi wokulitsa mtengo wa mbiri yakale ya ku Italy komanso kuthandizira ndalama zobwezeretsanso zinthu zina m'gululi, zomwe ndi Alfa Romeo. . Njira yolekanitsa ya Ferrari ku FCA idayamba mu 2015 ndipo pa Januware 3, 2016 idalengezedwa kuti yatha.
Opaleshoniyo idakhala yopambana ... ndipo masiku ano Ferrari, yekha, adawona kuwerengera kwake mowirikiza kasanu, kukhala wamtengo wapatali kuposa Stellantis yonse, mwachitsanzo.
kukula zowawa
Sikuti zonse zinali "maluwa". Panalinso mavuto angapo m'mabungwe ambiri ndi migwirizano iyi, kapena anasiya kupanga zomveka.
Mwina zomwe zimakambidwa kwambiri m'zaka zaposachedwa zakhala mgwirizano wa Renault-Nissan-Mitsubishi, womwe mavuto awo a ubale adawonjezedwa mu media mu 2018, atamangidwa mtsogoleri wawo, Carlos Ghosn. Komabe, nkhani ya “imfa” ya mgwirizanowo inakokomeza moonekeratu. Pambuyo pa nthawi yovuta kwambiri, mitundu itatuyi inafika pa chitsanzo chatsopano cha mgwirizano, monga momwe angakhalire pamodzi adzatha kukumana ndi nthawi yonseyi ya kusintha.
Kuphatikizanso ndi Renault-Nissan-Mitsubishi Alliance, posachedwapa tawona kusiyana kwakukulu ndi Daimler. Mercedes-Benz, mwachitsanzo, adasiya kugwiritsa ntchito Renault's 1.5 dCi mu 2020. Nthawi yomweyo, mgwirizano watsopano wapadziko lonse (50-50 joint venture) pakati pa Daimler AG ndi Geely kuti agwiritse ntchito ndikupanga Smart padziko lonse lapansi adalamula kutha kwa mgwirizano ndi Renault. zomwe zidapangitsa kuti m'badwo waposachedwa wa Smart Fortwo/Forfour ndi Renault Twingo.
zaka khumi zikubwerazi
Tsopano pa "khomo" la zaka khumi zatsopano, kuposa kuphatikizika ndi mgwirizano, monga tawonera m'zaka khumi zapitazi, pali funso lovuta kwambiri lomwe likubwera pamakampani opanga magalimoto: ndani amene adzakhala opulumuka mpaka kumapeto kwa izi? zaka khumi zatsopano?Carlos Tavares anachenjeza za chiwopsezo cha kusintha kwachangu komanso kokwera mtengo kwambiri komwe makampani amagalimoto akukumana nawo. Pali kuthekera kuti, malinga ndi iye, si aliyense amene adzatha kukhalabe ndi moyo mpaka kumapeto kwa zaka khumi zikubwerazi, makamaka pochita ndi msika womwe ukugwabe, chifukwa cha vuto la mliri ndi mavuto azachuma omwe akuwonetsa chiyambi cha zaka khumi. Komanso kupeza, kuphatikizika ndi mayanjano sikungakhale kokwanira kuphatikiza bizinesi yonse.
mwini wake ndani?
Timamaliza ndi infographic yomwe imasonyeza "mkhalidwe wa zinthu" kumapeto kwa zaka khumi zomwe zinatha. Zidzasintha bwanji zaka 10?
