Tikamalankhula za "makina olemekezeka", sitilankhula za injini zokhala ndi masilinda osakwana asanu ndi limodzi. Kodi munayamba mwadzifunsapo chifukwa chake? Yankho lake ndi losavuta monga momwe liri lovuta. "Balance" ndilo liwu lofunika kwambiri mu symphony ya zidutswa zomwe zimazungulira mopitilira 7000 pa mphindi imodzi.
Ma injini okhala ndi masilinda asanu ndi limodzi (kapena kupitilira apo), mosasamala kanthu za kamangidwe kamene kasankhidwa, mwachilengedwe amakhala olinganiza bwino kuposa anzawo okhala ndi masilinda anayi okha (kapena ochepera). Ichi ndichifukwa chake ntchito yake imakhala yoyengedwa kwambiri komanso… yopambana!
Mu injini zamasilinda anayi ma pistoni amakhala 180 ° kunja kwa gawo. Ndiko kuti, nkhosa zamphongo imodzi ndi zinai zikakwera, nkhosa ziwiri zamphongo, ziwiri ndi zitatu zikupita kwina. Komabe, kusunthaku sikudutsana, kumayambitsa kusalinganika kwa unyinji womwe umasandulika kukhala kugwedezeka.
Opanga amayesa kuthetsa kusalinganika uku ndi ma counterweights, flywheels, ndi zina zotero, koma sizingatheke kukwaniritsa zotsatira za injini ya silinda (kapena kuposerapo).
Pachifukwa ichi, tili ndi zomangamanga ziwiri zazikulu: injini zapakati za silinda sikisi ndi injini za V-silinda zisanu ndi chimodzi.
Mu injini yamasilinda asanu ndi limodzi, ma pistoni amakonzedwa mu crankshaft pa 120 ° intervals ndipo amawerengedwa (6). Chifukwa chake, plunger iliyonse imakhala ndi "mapasa" omwe akuyenda kwina, kuletsa kusalinganika ndikuchepetsa kugwedezeka. Pamodzi ndi ma V12, masilindala asanu ndi limodzi omwe ali pamizere ndi omwe amagwira bwino ntchito komanso osalala kwambiri pankhani ya injini za pistoni.
Ngakhale kukhala ndi ma silinda omwewo, injini za V6, pogawa ma silinda mu mabenchi awiri amtundu wa ma silinda atatu (zomangamanga zomwe zimadziwika chifukwa cha kusalinganika kwake), sizimakwaniritsa malire abwinowo.
Lembetsani ku kalata yathu yamakalata
Mbali ya V pakati pa maimidwe awiriwa imatha kusiyana, yodziwika kwambiri ndi 60º kapena 90º, pomwe yoyambayo imakhala yokhazikika kuposa yomaliza. Ma 90º, monga lamulo, amachokera ku injini za V8 (ngodya yomwe imakonda kusinthasintha kwa injini yamtunduwu) - onani nkhani ya V6 yomwe imakonzekeretsa Quadrifoglio ya Alfa Romeo ndi Nettuno yatsopano ya Maserati, kapena V6 ya Gulu la Volkswagen, lomwe limapereka mitundu ya Audi ndi Porsche.
Pazaka 20 zapitazi, mitundu ingapo yalumbirira "lumbiro lachikondi" ku injini za V6. More yaying'ono ("kuwayenerera" ngakhale ambiri kutsogolo gudumu pagalimoto zomangamanga ndi injini mu malo yopingasa n'kosavuta) ndi wamphamvu, onse ankaoneka kugonja ku ubwino wawo. Koma tsopano ambiri akubwerera ku 'classic' zisanu ndi chimodzi motsatizana.
Chifukwa chiyani? Ndilo yankho lomwe tidzayesere kupeza mu SPECIAL iyi kuchokera ku Reason Automobile.
Mtengo, mtengo ndi zina zambiri
Ma injini a V6 ndi okwera mtengo kupanga. Pawiri chirichonse! M'malo mwa ma camshaft awiri a masilindala asanu ndi limodzi, tili ndi ma camshaft anayi (awiri pa benchi iliyonse). M'malo mongokhala ndi mutu umodzi wokha wa silinda, tili ndi mitu iwiri ya silinda. M'malo mwa njira yosavuta yogawa, tili ndi dongosolo logawa kwambiri.
Koma si funso la chiwerengero cha zigawo zikuluzikulu. Ubwino wa injini zamasilinda asanu ndi limodzi amapitilira magawo ena. Makamaka mu chitukuko.
Tengani chitsanzo cha BMW ndi ma injini ake a 'B-family'. Kodi mumadziwa zigawo zikuluzikulu makina a injini mphamvu ya Mini Mmodzi (atatu yamphamvu injini ndi 1.5 lita mphamvu), ndi BMW 320d (masilinda anayi ndi 2.0 L mphamvu) ndi BMW 540i (silinda silinda ndi 3,0 L mphamvu ) ndizofanana?
Munjira yochepetsera komanso yosavuta (yosavuta kwenikweni…) zomwe BMW ikuchita pano ndikutulutsa ma module a 500 cm3 iliyonse. Kodi ndikufunika injini ya 1.5 lita ya silinda itatu ya MINI One? Ma module atatu aphatikizidwa. Kodi ndikufunika injini ya 320d? Ma module anayi amabwera palimodzi. Kodi ndikufunika injini ya BMW 540d? Inde munaganiza. Ma module asanu ndi limodzi amabwera palimodzi. Ndi mwayi womwe ma module awa amagawana zigawo zambiri, zikhale MINI kapena Series 5.
BMW 'B banja injini' nthawi zonse amagawana zoposa 40% ya zigawo zikuluzikulu, mosatengera kuchuluka kwa masilindala kapena mafuta (petulo kapena dizilo). Onani banja la injini ili ngati LEGO. Ma midadada angapo a 500 cm3 omwe amatha kuphatikizidwa m'magulu a masilindala atatu, anayi kapena asanu ndi limodzi.
Chifukwa cha njirayi, BMW yakhazikitsa banja la injini zomwe zimatha kupereka MINI yaying'ono kwambiri kapena mndandanda wa 7. Koma musaganize kuti BMW ndi yapadera. Mwachitsanzo, Mercedes-Benz ndi Jaguar nawonso atengera nzeru zomwezi.
Ndi injini za V6 izi sizingakhale zotheka. Zodabwitsa, simukuganiza?
Mavuto aukadaulo omwe V6 sangathe kuwathetsa
Zaka zingapo zapitazo, pamene injini zambiri za V6 zinali mumlengalenga kapena kugwiritsa ntchito supercharging yosavuta, ubwino wa zomangamangazi unadutsana. Ndiko kuti, mfundo yakuti iwo ndi yaying'ono.
Koma pamene injini zonse zinatembenukira ku supercharging (ma cylinders anayi a turbocharged lero adatenga malo a V6s omwe ankagwiritsa ntchito "zonse zomwe zinali patsogolo" zakale) ndipo chithandizo cha mpweya wotulutsa mpweya chinakhala dongosolo la tsiku, zovuta zatsopano zinayamba.
Ma injini am'mizere ali ndi mwayi wotha kusonkhanitsa ma turbos otsatizana mosavuta. Ubwino wina umakhudza chithandizo cha mpweya wotulutsa mpweya. Mu injini zapamzere timangokhala ndi mbali ziwiri: kulowetsa ndi kutulutsa. Izi zimathandizira njira yomwe zotumphukira zonse zomwe zimakhudza injini zoyatsira zimatha kukhala "zaudongo".
Ndi pazifukwa zonsezi (mtengo, zovuta, kufunikira kwaukadaulo) kuti injini za V6 zikuzimiririka pang'onopang'ono.
Mercedes-Benz adawasiya kale (M 256 yalowa m'malo mwa M 276), Jaguar Land Rover nayenso - banja la injini ya Ingenium, monga banja la injini ya BMW, ndilokhazikika, lokhala ndi midadada ya silinda atatu, anayi ndi asanu ndi limodzi, ndi yotsirizirayi ikupezeka kale mu Land Rover angapo, Range Rover ndi Jaguar, onse petulo ndi dizilo. Ndipo zambiri zili m'njira, monga Mazda's inline six-cylinder duo, pakati pa ena.
Chisinthiko chikupitirira! Zosangalatsa kwa iwo omwe sasiya zabwino ndi zosangalatsa za injini zoyaka moto.
NDIKUFUNA NKHANI ZAMBIRI ZA AUTO TECHNIQUE