Anthu okhulupirira malodza amaopa nambala 13, a ku China nambala 4, chipembedzo chachikhristu 666, koma makampani oyendetsa magalimoto amaopedwa kwambiri ndi 95. Chifukwa chiyani? Ndi chiwerengero chofanana ndi mpweya wa CO2 womwe uyenera kufika pofika chaka cha 2021 ku Ulaya: 95g/km . Ndipo ndi nambala, mu ma yuro, ya chindapusa chomwe chiyenera kulipidwa pagalimoto iliyonse komanso pa gramu imodzi pamwamba pa zomwe zanenedwa ngati satsatira.
Mavuto amene tiyenera kuwathetsa ndi aakulu. Chaka chino (2020) chandamale cha 95 g/km chidzafikiridwa mu 95% ya malonda onse a magulu ake - 5% yotsalayo imasiyidwa kuwerengera. Mu 2021, 95 g/km idzafikiridwa pazogulitsa zonse.
Chimachitika ndi chiyani ngati sakukwaniritsa zolinga zomwe zaperekedwa?
Chindapusa… chindapusa chambiri. Monga tafotokozera, ma euro 95 pa gramu iliyonse yowonjezera komanso pagalimoto iliyonse yogulitsidwa. Mwa kuyankhula kwina, ngakhale atakhala 1 g / km okha pamwamba pa zomwe zatchulidwa, ndikugulitsa magalimoto miliyoni imodzi pachaka ku Ulaya, ndizo 95 miliyoni mu chindapusa - zoneneratu, komabe, zikuwonetsa kusamvera kwapamwamba kwambiri.
zolinga zosiyanasiyana
Ngakhale kuti chandamale yapadziko lonse lapansi ndi 95 g/km ya mpweya wa CO2 wapakati, wopanga aliyense ali ndi cholinga choti akwaniritse, ndipo mtengo wake umadalira kuchuluka kwapakati (kg) kwamagalimoto awo osiyanasiyana.Lembetsani ku kalata yathu yamakalata
Mwachitsanzo, FCA (Fiat, Alfa Romeo, Jeep, etc ...) imagulitsa kwambiri magalimoto ophatikizika komanso opepuka, kotero iyenera kufikira 91 g/km; Daimler (Mercedes ndi Smart), yomwe imagulitsa kwambiri magalimoto akuluakulu komanso olemera kwambiri, iyenera kukwaniritsa 102 g/km.
Palinso opanga ena omwe amagulitsa pansi pa mayunitsi a 300,000 pachaka ku Europe omwe azidzakhudzidwa ndi kusakhululukidwa ndi kunyozedwa kosiyanasiyana, monga Honda ndi Jaguar Land Rover. M'mawu ena, iwo sadzayenera kukwaniritsa zolinga zawo. Komabe, pali mapu ochepetsa utsi kwa opanga awa omwe adagwirizana ndi mabungwe owongolera (EC) - kukhululukidwa ndi kunyozedwa kumeneku kudzathetsedwa pofika 2028.
Mavuto
Mosasamala kanthu za mtengo womwe womanga aliyense angapeze, ntchitoyi sidzakhala yophweka kwa aliyense wa iwo. Kuyambira 2016, pafupifupi mpweya wa CO2 wamagalimoto atsopano ogulitsidwa ku Ulaya sanasiye kuwonjezeka: mu 2016 adafika osachepera 117.8 g / km, mu 2017 adakwera kufika 118.1 g / km ndipo mu 2018 adakwera kufika 120, 5 g / km - deta ya 2019 ikusowa, koma si yabwino.
Tsopano, pofika chaka cha 2021 adzatsika ndi 25 g/km, phiri lalikulu. Kodi chinachitika nchiyani kuti mpweya uyambe kukwera pambuyo pa zaka ndi zaka za kuchepa?
Chinthu chachikulu, Dieselgate. Chotsatira chachikulu cha chiwopsezo chotulutsa mpweya chinali kutsika kwakukulu kwa malonda a magalimoto okhala ndi injini za dizilo ku Europe - mu 2011 gawolo lidafika pachimake cha 56%, mu 2017 linali 44%, mu 2018 idatsika mpaka 36%, ndipo mu 2019. , anali pafupifupi 31%.
Opanga adadalira ukadaulo wa Dizilo - injini zogwira ntchito bwino, chifukwa chake kugwiritsa ntchito pang'ono ndi mpweya wa CO2 - kuti afikire mosavuta cholinga chofuna 95 g/km.
Mosiyana ndi zomwe zingakhale zofunika, "dzenje" lomwe linasiyidwa ndi kutsika kwa malonda a Dizilo silinatengeke ndi magetsi kapena ma hybrids, koma ndi injini ya mafuta, yomwe malonda ake adakwera kwambiri (ndiwo mtundu wogulitsidwa kwambiri wa injini ku Ulaya). Ngakhale asintha mwaukadaulo, chowonadi ndi chakuti sachita bwino ngati ma dizilo, amadya kwambiri ndipo, kukoka, amatulutsa CO2 yochulukirapo.
Chimodzi mwazinthu zomwe zimatchedwa SUV. M'zaka khumi zomwe zikutha, tawona SUV ikufika, kuwona ndikupambana. Mitundu ina yonse idawona kuti malonda awo akutsika, ndipo magawo a SUV (akadali) akukula, mpweya ukhoza kukwera. Sizingatheke kuzungulira malamulo a physics - SUV / CUV nthawi zonse imakhala yowononga kwambiri (motero CO2 yochuluka) kuposa galimoto yofanana, chifukwa nthawi zonse idzakhala yolemera komanso yowonjezereka kwambiri.
Chinthu chinanso chikusonyeza kuti pafupifupi magalimoto atsopano ogulitsidwa ku Ulaya sanasiye kukula. Pakati pa 2000 ndi 2016, kuwonjezeka kunali 124 kg - yomwe ili yofanana ndi pafupifupi 10 g/km kuposa pafupifupi CO2. "Dziimbe mlandu" pakukwera kwachitetezo ndi chitonthozo chagalimoto, komanso kusankha ma SUV akulu ndi olemera.
Kodi kukwaniritsa zolinga?
Nzosadabwitsa kuti tawona ma plug-in ndi ma hybrids amagetsi ambiri akuvumbulutsidwa ndikuyambitsidwa - ngakhale osakanizidwa pang'ono ndi ofunika kwa omanga; Pakhoza kukhala magalamu ochepa omwe mwadula pamayeso a WLTP, koma onse amawerengera.
Komabe, ikhala ma plug-in ma hybrids ndi magetsi omwe ali ofunikira pa cholinga cha 95 g/km. EC inapanga dongosolo la "ngongole zapamwamba" kulimbikitsa kugulitsa magalimoto okhala ndi mpweya wochepa kwambiri (pansi pa 50 g / km) kapena zero zotulutsa ndi opanga.
Chifukwa chake, mu 2020, kugulitsa plug-in kapena hybrid unit yamagetsi idzawerengedwa ngati magawo awiri pakuwerengera mpweya. Mu 2021 mtengowu umatsikira ku magalimoto 1.67 pagawo lililonse logulitsidwa ndipo mu 2022 mpaka 1.33. Ngakhale zili choncho, pali malire a phindu la "ngongole zapamwamba" pazaka zitatu zikubwerazi, zomwe zidzakhala 7.5 g / km ya CO2 mpweya pa wopanga.
Ndiwo "maudindo apamwamba" awa omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito ku ma plug-in ndi ma hybrids amagetsi - okhawo omwe amapeza mpweya wochepera 50 g/km - chifukwa chachikulu chomwe omanga ambiri adaganiza zoyamba kugulitsa izi mu 2020, ngakhale kuti mawuwo anali. ndipo ngakhale kuchitidwa mu 2019. Kugulitsa kulikonse kwamtundu uwu wagalimoto kumakhala kofunikira.
Ngakhale kuchuluka kwa malingaliro amagetsi ndi magetsi a 2020 ndi zaka zotsatila, ndipo ngakhale atagulitsa ziwerengero zofunika kuti apewe chindapusa, kutayika kwakukulu kwa phindu kwa omanga kumayembekezeredwa. Chifukwa chiyani? Ukadaulo wamagetsi ndi wokwera mtengo, wokwera kwambiri.
Mtengo wotsatira ndi chindapusa
Ndalama zotsatirira, zomwe sizimaphatikizapo kusintha kwa injini zoyaka mkati kuti zigwirizane ndi umuna, komanso kuwonjezeka kwa magetsi, kudzafika ku 7.8 biliyoni mu 2021. Akuti mtengo wa chindapusa udzafika 4, 9 biliyoni mu 2021. chaka chomwecho. Ngati omangawo sanachitepo kanthu kuti afike pamlingo wa 95 g/km, mtengo wa chindapusa ungakhale pafupifupi 25 biliyoni mayuro pachaka.
Ziwerengerozo ndi zomveka bwino: wosakanizidwa pang'ono (5-11% yochepa mu mpweya wa CO2 poyerekeza ndi galimoto wamba) amawonjezera pakati pa 500 ndi 1000 euro pamtengo wopangira galimoto. Zophatikiza (23-34% zochepa mu CO2) zimawonjezera pakati pa 3000 mpaka 5000 mayuro, pomwe magetsi amawononga ma 9,000-11,000 owonjezera.
Pofuna kuyika ma hybrids ndi magetsi okwanira pamsika, ndipo osapereka ndalama zowonjezera kwa kasitomala kwathunthu, titha kuwona ambiri akugulitsidwa pamtengo wamtengo wapatali (palibe phindu kwa womanga) kapena ngakhale pansi pa mtengo uwu, pakutayika kwa womanga. Chochititsa chidwi kwambiri ndi chakuti, ngakhale kugulitsa motayika, kungakhale njira yabwino kwambiri yopezera ndalama kwa omanga, poyerekeza ndi mtengo umene chindapusa chingafikire - tidzakhala pomwepo ...
Njira ina yokwaniritsira cholinga chachikulu cha 95 g/km ndikugawana mpweya ndi wopanga wina yemwe ali m'malo abwinoko. Mlandu wodabwitsa kwambiri ndi wa FCA, womwe udzalipira Tesla, akuti, 1.8 biliyoni kuti malonda a magalimoto ake - mpweya wa CO2 wofanana ndi zero, popeza amangogulitsa magetsi - amawerengedwa kuwerengera kwake. Gululo lalengeza kale kuti ndi muyeso wanthawi yochepa; pofika 2022 iyenera kukwaniritsa zolinga zake popanda thandizo la Tesla.
Kodi adzatha kukwaniritsa cholinga cha 95 g/km?
Ayi, malinga ndi malipoti ambiri ofalitsidwa ndi akatswiri - akuti, kawirikawiri, mpweya wa CO2 mu 2021 udzakhala 5 g/km pamwamba pa 95 g/km, ndiko kuti, mu 100 g/km km. Izi zikutanthauza kuti, ngakhale akuyenera kuthana ndi ndalama zambiri zotsatiridwa, sizingakhale zokwanira.
Malinga ndi lipoti la Ultima Media, FCA, BMW, Daimler, Ford, Hyundai-Kia, PSA ndi Volkswagen Group ndi omwe amamanga omwe ali pachiwopsezo cholipira chindapusa mu 2020-2021. Mgwirizano wa Renault-Nissan-Mitsubishi, Volvo ndi Toyota-Mazda (omwe agwirizana kuti awerengere mpweya wotulutsa mpweya) ayenera kukwaniritsa zomwe zakhazikitsidwa.
FCA, ngakhale ndi mgwirizano ndi Tesla, ndi gulu la magalimoto omwe ali pachiwopsezo chachikulu, chomwe chimagwirizananso ndi chimodzi mwazinthu zapamwamba kwambiri za chindapusa, pafupifupi ma euro 900 miliyoni pachaka. Zikuwonekeratu momwe kuphatikizika ndi PSA kudzakhudzira kuwerengera kwa mpweya wa onse awiri mtsogolomu - ngakhale kuphatikizika kolengezedwa, sikunachitike.
Razão Automóvel ikudziwa kuti, pankhani ya PSA, kuyang'anira mpweya wochokera ku magalimoto atsopano ogulitsidwa kukuchitika tsiku ndi tsiku, dziko ndi dziko, ndipo linanena kwa "kampani ya makolo" kuti apewe kutsetsereka kwa kuwerengera kwapachaka kwa mpweya.
Pankhani ya Gulu la Volkswagen, zoopsa zimakhalanso zazikulu. Mu 2020, mtengo wa chindapusa ukuyembekezeka kufika ma euro 376 miliyoni, ndi 1.881 biliyoni mu 2021 (!).
Zotsatira zake
Pafupifupi mpweya wa CO2 wa 95 g/km womwe Europe ikufuna kukwaniritsa - chimodzi mwazinthu zotsika kwambiri zomwe makampani amagalimoto amapeza padziko lonse lapansi - adzakhala ndi zotsatirapo zake. Ngakhale pali kuwala kowala kumapeto kwa ngalandeyo pambuyo pa nthawi yosinthira ku zenizeni zatsopano zamagalimoto, kuwoloka kudzakhala kovuta kwa mafakitale onse.
Kuyambira ndi phindu la omanga omwe akugwira ntchito mumsika wa ku Ulaya, omwe akulonjeza kuti adzagwa kwambiri m'zaka ziwiri zikubwerazi, osati chifukwa cha ndalama zotsatila (ndalama zazikulu) ndi chindapusa; misika yayikulu yapadziko lonse lapansi, Europe, USA ndi China, ikuyembekezeredwa zaka zikubwerazi.
Monga tanenera kale, kutembenukira kwa magetsi ndiyenso chifukwa chachikulu chomwe chinalengezedwa kale 80,000 redundancies - tikhoza kuwonjezera posachedwapa 4100 kuchotsedwa ntchito ndi Opel ku Germany.
EC, pofuna kutsogolera kuchepetsa mpweya wa CO2 m'magalimoto (ndi magalimoto amalonda) kumapangitsanso kuti msika wa ku Ulaya ukhale wosasangalatsa kwa opanga - sizinali zongochitika kuti General Motors adasiya kupezeka kwake ku Ulaya pamene adagulitsa Opel.
Ndipo osayiwala okhala mumzinda, omwe (ambiri) atha kukankhidwa pamsika chifukwa cha mitengo yotsika mtengo - ngakhale kuwapanga kukhala osakanizidwa, monga tawonera, atha kuwonjezera ma euro mazana ambiri pamtengo kupanga pa umodzi. Ngati Fiat, mtsogoleri wosatsutsika wa gawolo, akuganiza zosiya gawolo kusamuka kuchokera ku gawo A kupita ku gawo B… chabwino, ndizo zonse.
Ndizosavuta kuwona chifukwa chake nambala 95 iyenera kuopedwa kwambiri ndi makampani amagalimoto m'zaka zikubwerazi… Koma ikhala yaifupi. Mu 2030 pali kale mulingo watsopano wa mpweya wabwino wa CO2 womwe makampani amagalimoto aku Europe angafikire: 72 g/km.