Kodi hydrogen kwenikweni ndi mafuta amtsogolo? Hyundai, Honda ndi Toyota akuti inde ndipo anapereka zitsanzo zoyamba zopangidwa ndi mafutawa pawonetsero ya Tokyo ndi Los Angeles, yomwe inafika pamsika pakati pa 2014 ndi 2015.
Magalimoto a haidrojeni alonjezedwa kwa ife ngati chowonadi chowoneka ndi chotheka kuyambira zaka za m'ma 1990. Magalimoto amtundu wa mafuta (maselo a mafuta) ndi magalimoto oyendetsa magetsi, koma m'malo modalira batri kuti apereke mphamvu zofunikira, izi zimayamba kupangidwa. ndi galimoto yokha. Kapangidwe kakemidwe kake pakati pa haidrojeni yosungidwa mu thanki ndi mpweya womwe umapezeka mumpweya umatulutsa mphamvu yofunikira kuti ipereke mphamvu pagalimoto yamagetsi, ndipo mpweya wamadzi ndi womwe umatulutsa.
Oyera, mosakayika, koma pali nkhani zambiri zomwe sizinathetsedwe musanafike ku nirvana yomwe idzakhala chuma cha hydrogen kusiyana ndi chuma chamafuta chomwe chilipo. Kuchokera pamtengo (zomwe zakhala zikucheperachepera), kupita kuzinthu zofunikira zogulitsira, mpaka pavuto (lalikulu) la kupanga haidrojeni. Ngakhale kuti ndi chinthu chochuluka kwambiri mu Chilengedwe, mwatsoka sichilola "kukolola" mwachindunji, osati kukhala gwero loyamba la mphamvu. Hydrogen nthawi zonse imatsagana ndi zinthu zina, kotero ndikofunikira kuipatula. Apa pali mfundo yaikulu yokambitsirana yokhudzana ndi kuthekera kwa haidrojeni ngati mafuta amtsogolo. Mphamvu yofunikira "kupanga" haidrojeni imalepheretsatu mphamvu ya dongosolo lonse.
Ngakhale zili choncho, m’zaka 20 zapitazi taona opanga akutsatira njira imeneyi mosalekeza, akumapita patsogolo kwambiri pazaumisiri, mpaka kuti kuyambira chaka chamawa tidzakhala ndi magalimoto amafuta oti azipangidwa motsatizana. Ndizowona kuti magalimoto a haidrojeni ali kale pang'ono paliponse. Ngakhale ku Portugal, tinali ndi mabasi oyesera a STCP omwe amazungulira ku Porto. Koma monga mabasi a STCP, magalimoto ena onse amtundu wamafuta ndi ntchito zoyesera, zochepa kwambiri pazogulitsa kapena zopanga, ndipo sizipezeka pamsika wamba.
Honda inali imodzi mwazinthu zomwe zimabetcherana kwambiri paukadaulo uwu, ndipo ndi zake, mwina, mawonekedwe owoneka bwino a njira iyi yothamangitsira, FCX Clarity (chithunzi pamwambapa). Idayambitsidwa mu 2008, idaperekedwa kwa makasitomala pafupifupi 200 ku United States of America, Europe ndi Japan, omwe amagwira ntchito ngati oyendetsa ndege oyesa mtunduwo. Ngakhale Honda zikuoneka pasadakhale, sadzatha kuwonekera koyamba kugulu loyamba mndandanda opangidwa haidrojeni galimoto.
Ikaperekedwa ku salon ku Los Angeles, ndipo ikuyembekezeka kugulitsidwa ku US (poyamba idangokhala ku California, popeza kuli malo 9 mwa 10 odzaza ma hydrogen ku US) kuyambira masika uno, Korea Hyundai ipambana mpikisanowu ndikuwonetsa Tucson Fuel Cell (iX35 yathu). Zikuoneka kuti Tucson ngati ena ambiri, zomwe zimabisala pansi pa thupi zimatchedwa Hyundai ngati galimoto yamagetsi ya m'badwo wotsatira.
Ubwino pagalimoto yamagetsi yoyendetsedwa ndi mabatire ndizodziwikiratu: kudziyimira pawokha kwa 480km, kudzaza thanki ya haidrojeni pasanathe mphindi 10 ndi nyengo yozizira sikulinso vuto, monga momwe zawonera momwe zimakhudzira mphamvu ya mabatire, monga kufufuzidwa pa Nissan Leaf. Ndipo monga galimoto iliyonse yamagetsi, imakhala chete, yosaipitsa, ndipo 300Nm ya torque imapezeka mosavuta.
Zopezeka pobwereketsa, makasitomala am'tsogolo a Hyundai Tucson amafuta amafuta adzayenera kutulutsa $499 (pafupifupi €372) pamwezi kwa miyezi 36. Koma kumbali ina, haidrojeni ndi yaulere! Inde, aliyense amene agula Hyundai sayenera kulipira hydrogen yogwiritsidwa ntchito. Kodi chilimbikitsochi chokwanira?
Pa salon yomweyi ku Los Angeles, Honda adaperekanso dongosolo lake loukira ma cell amafuta. Hyundai ankayembekezera, koma Honda si patali mmbuyo, ndipo mochititsa chidwi, anapereka mfundo futuristic lotchedwa FCEV. . Zikuwoneka ngati chinachake kuchokera mu kanema wa sci-fi ndipo zimasiyana kwambiri ndi "vulgarity" ya Tucson ndi maonekedwe a dziko lapansi. The FCEV idzaperekedwa mu Baibulo lake lomaliza mu 2015, ndipo ndithudi kalembedwe mpaka pamenepo adzakhala ndithu kuchepetsedwa, ndi Honda palokha amanena kuti FCEV yekha akutumikira monga mfundo za tsogolo stylistic malangizo. FCEV, komabe, ikuwoneka kuti ndiyoyamba kuchitapo kanthu poyang'ana kulimba mtima komwe kunayambitsidwa ndi BMW ndi mtundu wake wa i, makamaka i8, yomwe imasokoneza galimotoyo kudzera mu "zigawo".
Mwina chofunika kwambiri kuposa kukongola ndi zomwe zili pansi pa khungu. Pali zosintha zofunikira pa FCX Clarity. Honda imalengeza zamitundu yopitilira 480km, ndi ma cell amafuta omwe amapeza mphamvu (3kW/L, 60% kuposa FCX Clarity) pomwe akukhala pafupifupi gawo limodzi mwachitatu, akugwiritsanso ntchito FCX Clarity monga kufotokozera. Ikulonjezanso kuwonjezeredwa mu maminiti a 3, ngati dongosolo lokhala ndi 70 MPa (Mega Pascal) likuloledwa. The compactness wa dongosolo analola Honda, kwa nthawi yoyamba, kuchepetsa kwa injini chipinda. Mu FCX Clarity, ma cell amafuta anali mumsewu wapakati, akugawa kanyumba kawiri.
Titawoloka Pacific, tidafika ku Tokyo Motor Show, komwe Toyota idawonetsa kusinthika kwa lingaliro la FCV-R, lowululidwa pamalo omwewo zaka ziwiri m'mbuyomu. THE Toyota FCV ili pafupi ndi mzere wopanga, ndi Toyota kukhalabe zolosera zake zolimba kuti mu 2015 iyenera kuyamba kugulitsa.
Kuwoneka ndizovuta, ndi masitayelo osiyanitsa komanso osakwaniritsidwa kwambiri. Kuchokera ku mawu a Toyota, kudzoza kwa makongoletsedwe kumachokera kumadzi oyenda komanso ... catamaran. Lingaliro lake ndilakuti mpweya womwe umalowa m'mlengalenga waukulu, umachita ndi haidrojeni, umasanduka kanthu koma nthunzi wamadzi. Kusiyanitsa pakati pa mizere yamadzi amadzimadzi ndi mbali zakuthwa za thupi ndizochulukirapo. Mwachiyembekezo kuti mtundu wa kupanga ukufika bwino mu kuchuluka kwa zigawo zonse, komanso zonse. Ndi galimoto yayitali, yokhala ndi 1.53m kutalika (kutalika kwa Smart), kotero m'lifupi mwake 1.81m ikuwoneka ngati yaying'ono, komanso mawilo amawoneka ang'onoang'ono.
Toyota imanena kuti FCV idzakhala ndi mipando 4 (chombo cha Honda chimalengeza mipando 5) komanso imalonjeza kuti idzayenda mowolowa manja kuposa 500km. Monga Honda FCEV, adzaperekanso mphamvu kachulukidwe wa 3kW/L ndi 70 MPa kuthamanga kwa thanki ndi refueling komanso analengeza ndi Toyota, kulola refueling wa mphindi 3 kapena zochepa.
Ngakhale amalengezedwa ngati magalimoto opanga mndandanda, kupezeka kwawo kudzakhala kochepa, chifukwa kusowa kwa zomangamanga. Palibe malo odzaza mafuta okwanira kuti apititse patsogolo ntchito yamalonda yamagalimoto okhala ndimafuta, ngakhale kuchuluka kwazomwe zikuchulukirachulukira. Msika wofunika kwambiri woyamba udzakhala dziko la California ku US, koma magalimotowa akuyembekezeka kale kugulitsidwa ku Europe ndi Japan.
Mwa kuyankhula kwina, monga momwe zilili ndi magalimoto amagetsi oyendetsedwa ndi batri, kuyambika kwa malonda koyambirira kumayembekezereka kukhala pang'onopang'ono, mwinanso pang'onopang'ono. Ndipo palibe zochitika zazikulu zomwe zikuyembekezeredwa mu nthawi yaifupi ndi yapakati, pamene zokambirana za kuthekera kwa haidrojeni monga mafuta a m'tsogolo zikadali zambiri. Omanga ena amanena kuti haidrojeni ndi nsonga, pamene ena amawona kuti ndiyo njira yabwino yothetsera nthawi yaitali. Mpaka nthawi imeneyo, zaka khumi izi tidzakhala ndi malingaliro atatu atsopanowa pamsika kuti atenge chidwi cha theka la dziko lapansi.