Imiziririzo itinya umubare 13, Abashinwa nimero 4, idini rya gikirisitu 666, ariko umubare utinya cyane inganda zitwara ibinyabiziga ugomba kuba umubare 95. Kubera iki? Numubare uhuye n’impuzandengo ya CO2 igomba kugera muri 2021 i Burayi: 95 g / km . Kandi ni n'umubare, mu ma euro, y'ihazabu igomba kwishyurwa kuri buri modoka na garama imwe hejuru yabiteganijwe mugihe bitubahirijwe.
Ibibazo byo gutsinda ni byinshi. Uyu mwaka (2020) intego ya 95 g / km igomba kugerwaho muri 95% yibicuruzwa byose byagurishijwe - 5% isigaye isigaye ibarwa. Muri 2021, 95 g / km igomba kugerwaho mubicuruzwa byose.
Bigenda bite iyo batageze ku ntego ziteganijwe?
Amande fine amande menshi. Nkuko byavuzwe, amayero 95 kuri garama yinyongera no kuri buri modoka yagurishijwe. Muyandi magambo, niyo yaba ari 1 g / km gusa hejuru yabiteganijwe, kandi akagurisha imodoka miriyoni kumwaka muburayi, ayo ni miliyoni 95 yama euro mumande - ibiteganijwe, ariko, byerekana ko kutubahiriza byinshi.
intego zitandukanye
Nubwo intego yisi yose ari 95 g / km yikigereranyo cya CO2 ugereranije, buri ruganda rufite intego yihariye yo kugeraho, hamwe nagaciro bitewe nuburinganire rusange (kg) bwurwego rwibinyabiziga byabo.Iyandikishe mu kanyamakuru kacu
Kurugero, FCA (Fiat, Alfa Romeo, Jeep, nibindi…) ahanini igurisha imodoka zoroheje kandi zoroheje, bityo igomba kugera kuri 91 g / km; Daimler (Mercedes na Smart), igurisha ahanini ibinyabiziga binini kandi biremereye, igomba kugera ku ntego ya 102 g / km.
Hariho nabandi bakora ibicuruzwa bigurishwa munsi ya 300.000 kumwaka muburayi bizajya bisubirwamo gusonerwa no gusebanya, nka Honda na Jaguar Land Rover. Muyandi magambo, ntabwo byanze bikunze bagomba kugera kuntego zabo. Ariko, hariho ikarita yo kugabanya ibyuka bihumanya aba nganda bumvikanye ninzego zibishinzwe (EC) - ibyo gusonerwa no gusebanya bizakurwaho 2028.
Ibibazo
Hatitawe ku gaciro kagomba kugerwaho na buri mwubatsi, ubutumwa ntibuzorohera na kimwe muri byo. Kuva mu mwaka wa 2016, impuzandengo ya CO2 yoherezwa mu modoka nshya yagurishijwe mu Burayi ntiyahwemye kwiyongera: mu 2016 bageze byibuze kuri 117.8 g / km, muri 2017 barazamuka bagera kuri 118.1 g / km naho muri 2018 barazamuka bagera kuri 120, 5 g / km - amakuru yo muri 2019 arabuze, ariko ntabwo ari byiza.
Noneho, muri 2021 bagomba kugabanuka kuri 25 g / km, imvura nini. Byagenze bite ngo imyuka itangire kwiyongera nyuma yimyaka no kugabanuka?
Impamvu nyamukuru, Dieselgate. Ingaruka nyamukuru z’ikibazo cy’ibyuka bihumanya ikirere ni igabanuka rikabije ry’igurisha ry’imodoka zifite moteri ya mazutu mu Burayi - mu 2011 umugabane wageze ku gipimo cya 56%, muri 2017 wari 44%, muri 2018 uragabanuka kugera kuri 36%, naho muri 2019 , yari hafi 31%.
Ababikora bashingiye ku buhanga bwa Diesel - moteri ikora neza, bityo gukoresha bike hamwe n’ibyuka bihumanya ikirere - kugirango bigere ku ntego ikomeye ya 95 g / km.
Bitandukanye nibyifuzwa, "umwobo" wasizwe nigabanuka ryigurishwa rya Diesel ntabwo ryakozwe numuriro wamashanyarazi cyangwa imvange, ahubwo ni moteri ya lisansi, igurishwa ryayo ryazamutse cyane (ni ubwoko bwa moteri igurishwa cyane muburayi). Nubwo byahindutse muburyo bwa tekinoloji, ukuri ni uko bidakora neza nka mazutu, bikoresha byinshi kandi, mugukurura, gusohora CO2 nyinshi.
Kimwe mubindi bintu byitwa SUV. Mu myaka icumi irangiye, twabonye SUV ihagera, turebe kandi dutsinde. Izindi typologie zose zabonye igurishwa ryazo, hamwe nimigabane ya SUV (iracyakomeza), imyuka yashoboraga kuzamuka gusa. Ntabwo bishoboka kuzenguruka amategeko ya fiziki - SUV / CUV izahora isesagura (bityo CO2 irenze) kuruta imodoka ihwanye, kuko izahora iremereye kandi hamwe na aerodinamike mbi.
Ikindi kintu kigaragaza ko impuzandengo yimodoka nshya igurishwa muburayi itigeze ihagarika kwiyongera. Hagati ya 2000 na 2016, kwiyongera byari kg 124 - ibyo bikaba bihwanye na 10 g / km zirenga kuri CO2. "Wishinja" imodoka igenda yiyongera kumutekano no guhumurizwa, hamwe no guhitamo SUV nini kandi ziremereye.
Nigute dushobora kugera ku ntego?
Ntibitangaje kubona twabonye amacomeka menshi hamwe n amashanyarazi avangwa kandi bigashyirwa ahagaragara - ndetse byoroheje-bivangavanze ni ngombwa kububaka; Hashobora kubaho garama nkeya wacishije mubizamini bya WLTP, ariko byose birabara.
Ariko, bizaba byacometse muri Hybride hamwe n amashanyarazi ningirakamaro kuri 95 g / km. EC yashyizeho uburyo bwa "super credits" kugirango ishishikarize kugurisha ibinyabiziga bifite imyuka ihumanya cyane (munsi ya 50 g / km) cyangwa ibyuka bya zeru nababikora.
Rero, muri 2020, igurishwa rya plug-in cyangwa amashanyarazi ya Hybrid bizabarwa nkibice bibiri byo kubara ibyuka bihumanya. Muri 2021 agaciro kagabanutse kugera kumodoka 1.67 kuri buri gice cyagurishijwe no muri 2022 kugeza 1.33. Nubwo bimeze bityo, hariho imipaka yinyungu za "super credits" mumyaka itatu iri imbere, izaba 7.5 g / km ya CO2 yangiza kuri buri ruganda.
Nizo "super credits" zikoreshwa mugucomeka no kuvanga amashanyarazi - byonyine bigera ku kirere kiri munsi ya 50 g / km - impamvu nyamukuru yatumye abubatsi benshi bahitamo gutangira kwamamaza muri 2020 gusa, nubwo ayo magambo yari bizwi. ndetse byakozwe muri 2019. Ibyo aribyo byose kugurisha ubu bwoko bwimodoka bizaba ingenzi.
Nubwo ibyifuzo byinshi byamashanyarazi n'amashanyarazi byumwaka wa 2020 nimyaka yakurikiyeho, ndetse niyo bigurishwa mumibare ikenewe kugirango birinde amande, hateganijwe igihombo kinini cyinyungu kububatsi. Kuki? Ikoranabuhanga ry'amashanyarazi rirahenze, rirahenze cyane.
Amafaranga yo kubahiriza no gucibwa amande
Ibiciro byubahirizwa, bitarimo gusa guhuza moteri y’imbere y’imbere mu bipimo by’ibyuka bihumanya ikirere, ariko kandi no kongera amashanyarazi, bizagera kuri miliyari 7.8 zama euro mu 2021. Biteganijwe ko agaciro k’ihazabu kazagera kuri miliyari 4, 9 z'amayero muri umwaka umwe. Niba abubatsi ntacyo bakoze kugirango bagere kurwego rwa 95 g / km, agaciro k'amande kaba hafi miliyari 25 z'amayero kumwaka.
Imibare irasobanutse: yoroheje-ivanze (5-11% munsi y’ibyuka bya CO2 ugereranije n’imodoka isanzwe) yongeraho hagati yama euro 500 na 1000 kumafaranga yo gukora imodoka. Hybride (23-34% munsi ya CO2) yongeraho hagati yama euro 3000 kugeza 5000, mugihe amashanyarazi atwara andi 9,000-11,000.
Kugirango dushyire imvange n'amashanyarazi mumibare ihagije kumasoko, kandi ntitunyuze igiciro cyinyongera kubakiriya rwose, dushobora kubona byinshi muribyo bigurishwa kubiciro (nta nyungu kububaka) cyangwa no munsi yagaciro, ku gihombo kububaka. Ikintu gitangaje cyane nuko, ndetse no kugurisha igihombo, birashobora kuba igipimo cyiza cyubukungu kububatsi, mugihe ugereranije nagaciro amande ashobora kugeraho - tuzaba duhari ...
Ubundi buryo bwo kugera ku ntego 95 g / km ni ugusangira ibyuka bihumanya hamwe nundi muhinguzi uri mumwanya mwiza wo guhura. Urubanza rukabije ni urwa FCA igiye kwishyura Tesla, bivugwa ko miliyari 1.8 z'amayero ku buryo kugurisha imodoka zayo - ibyuka bihumanya ikirere bihwanye na zeru, kuko bigurisha amashanyarazi gusa - bibarwa ku mibare yabyo. Itsinda rimaze gutangaza ko ari ingamba z'agateganyo; muri 2022 igomba kuba ishobora kugera ku ntego zayo itabifashijwemo na Tesla.
Bazashobora kugera kuri 95 g / km intego?
Oya, ukurikije raporo nyinshi zashyizwe ahagaragara n'abasesenguzi - byagereranijwe ko, muri rusange, impuzandengo ya CO2 mu 2021 izaba 5 g / km hejuru ya 95 g / km, ni ukuvuga muri 100 g / km. Nukuvuga ko, nubwo ugomba guhangana nigiciro kinini cyo kubahiriza, birashobora kuba bidahagije.
Raporo yakozwe na Ultima Media, FCA, BMW, Daimler, Ford, Hyundai-Kia, PSA hamwe na Volkswagen Group ni bo bubaka bafite ibyago byo kwishyura amande muri 2020-2021. Ihuriro Renault-Nissan-Mitsubishi, Volvo na Toyota-Mazda (byahurije hamwe mu kubara ibyuka bihumanya) bigomba kugera ku ntego byashyizweho.
FCA, niyo ifitanye isano na Tesla, nitsinda ryimodoka rifite ibyago byinshi, naryo rihuye nimwe mumico ihanitse mumande, hafi miliyoni 900 zama euro kumwaka. Hasigaye kurebwa uburyo guhuza PSA bizagira ingaruka ku mibare y’ibyuka bihumanya byombi mu gihe kizaza - nubwo byatangajwe ko byahujwe, ntibirasohora.
Razão Automóvel izi ko, kubijyanye na PSA, kugenzura imyuka iva mu modoka nshya igurishwa bikorwa buri munsi, igihugu ku kindi, kandi bigatanga raporo kuri «sosiyete y'ababyeyi» kugirango birinde kunyerera mu kubara buri mwaka.
Kubireba Itsinda rya Volkswagen, ibyago nabyo ni byinshi. Muri 2020, biteganijwe ko agaciro k'ihazabu kazagera kuri miliyoni 376 z'amayero, na miliyari 1.881 muri 2021 (!).
Ingaruka
Impuzandengo ya CO2 ihumanya 95 g / km Uburayi bwifuza kugeraho - imwe mu ndangagaciro zo hasi zagerwaho ninganda zimodoka kwisi yose - mubisanzwe bizagira ingaruka. Nubwo hari urumuri rwinshi kumpera ya tunnel nyuma yiki gihe cyo kwimuka kubintu bishya byimodoka, kwambuka bizakomera inganda zose.
Duhereye ku nyungu z'abubatsi bakorera ku isoko ry’iburayi, isezeranya ko izagabanuka cyane mu myaka ibiri iri imbere, bitatewe gusa n’amafaranga menshi yubahirizwa (ishoramari rinini) hamwe n’ihazabu ishobora; kugabanuka kw'amasoko akomeye ku isi, Uburayi, Amerika n'Ubushinwa, biteganijwe mu myaka iri imbere.
Nkuko twabivuze mbere, impinduka zo gukwirakwiza amashanyarazi nazo nimpamvu nyamukuru yo kugabanywa 80.000 bimaze gutangwa - dushobora kongeraho 4100 kugabanywa na Opel mubudage.
EC, ishaka gufata iyambere mukugabanya imyuka ihumanya ikirere ya CO2 mumodoka (nibinyabiziga byubucuruzi) nayo ituma isoko ryiburayi ridashimisha abayikora - ntabwo byari impanuka ko General Motors yaretse kuba i Burayi mugihe yagurishaga Opel.
Kandi tutibagiwe nabatuye umujyi, (benshi) bashobora kwirukanwa kumasoko kubera ibiciro byubahirizwa - ndetse no kubigira byoroheje, nkuko twabibonye, birashobora kongeramo ama euro menshi kubiciro bya umusaruro ku bumwe. Niba Fiat, umuyobozi utavugwaho rumwe w'igice, atekereza kuva mu gice cyimura icyitegererezo cyacyo kuva mu gice A kugeza ku gice B… neza, ibyo aribyo byose.
Biroroshye kubona impamvu umubare 95 ugomba gutinywa cyane ninganda zimodoka mumyaka iri imbere… Ariko bizaba igihe gito. Muri 2030 hari hasanzwe urwego rushya rwimyuka ya CO2 igerwaho ninganda zimodoka i Burayi: 72 g / km.