Kosora iri zina: Maria Helena Braga. Inyuma y'iri zina risanzwe ry'igiportigale, dusangamo umushakashatsi wo mu ishami ry'ubwubatsi rya kaminuza ya Porto, kubera akazi ke, ashobora kuba yaragize uruhare mu iterambere rya tekinoroji ya batiri ya lithium-ion.
Umusanzu we ushingiye ku kuvumbura ikirahuri cya electrolyte, kandi gishobora kubyara igisekuru gishya cya bateri - imiterere ikomeye -, izaba ifite umutekano, ibidukikije, bihendutse kandi ishobora kugira ubushobozi bugera kuri 3x. Kugira ngo wumve impamvu ibyo byishimo byose, nibyiza kumenya ibijyanye na bateri ya lithium-ion (Li-ion).
Bateri ya Li-ion niyo ikunze kugaragara muri iki gihe. Bafite inyungu nyinshi kurenza ubundi bwoko bwa bateri, ariko kandi bafite aho zigarukira.
Turashobora kubasanga kuri terefone zigendanwa, ibinyabiziga byamashanyarazi nibindi bikoresho bya elegitoroniki. Kugirango batange ingufu zikenewe, bakoresha electrolyte yamazi yo gutwara lithium ion hagati ya anode (uruhande rubi rwa bateri) na cathode (uruhande rwiza).
Aya mazi niyo ntandaro yikibazo. Kwishyuza byihuse cyangwa gusohora bateri ya lithium birashobora gutuma habaho dendrite, arizo lithium filaments (kiyobora). Izi filime zirashobora gutera imiyoboro migufi imbere ishobora gutera umuriro ndetse no guturika.
Ivumburwa rya Maria Helena Braga
Gusimbuza electrolyte y'amazi hamwe na electrolyte ikomeye birinda gukora dendrite. Mu byukuri ni electrolyte ikomeye Maria Helena Braga yavumbuye, hamwe na Jorge Ferreira, igihe bakoraga muri Laboratwari yigihugu ishinzwe ingufu na geologiya.
Agashya karimo gukoresha ikirahure gikomeye cya electrolyte, cyemerera gukoresha anode yubatswe mubyuma bya alkali (lithium, ikomeye cyangwa potasiyumu). Ikintu kidashoboka kugeza ubu. Gukoresha electrolyte ya vitreous byafunguye isi ishoboka, nko kongera ingufu za cathode no kongera ubuzima bwa bateri.
Ubuvumbuzi bwasohotse mu kiganiro mu 2014 kandi bushimangira ubumenyi bwa siyanse. Umuganda urimo John Goodenough, "se" wa batiri ya lithium yumunsi. Mu myaka 37 ishize niho yahimbye iterambere ryikoranabuhanga ryemerera bateri ya lithium-ion guhinduka mubucuruzi. Umwarimu wo muri kaminuza ya Texas, w'imyaka 94 y'amavuko, ntiyashoboraga kwihanganira ishyaka rye ryo kuvumbura abashakashatsi bo muri Porutugali.
Ntibyatinze kugirango Maria Helena Braga ajye muri Amerika kwereka John Goodenough ko electrolyte ya vitreous ishobora kuyobora ion ku muvuduko umwe na electrolyte y'amazi. Kuva icyo gihe, bombi bakoranye ubushakashatsi bukomeye bwa batiri. Ubu bufatanye bumaze kubyara verisiyo nshya ya electrolyte.
Uruhare rwa Goodenough mu bufatanye no guteza imbere bateri ya leta ikomeye yagize uruhare runini mu gutanga ikizere gikenewe kuri ubu buvumbuzi.
Ibyiza bya Bateri ya Leta ikomeye
Ibyiza biratanga ikizere:- kwiyongera kwa voltage izemerera ingufu nyinshi zingana zingana - itanga bateri yoroheje
- yemerera gupakira byihuse nta musaruro wa dendrite - hejuru ya 1200
- byinshi byishyurwa / gusohora inzinguzingo zituma ubuzima bwa bateri buramba
- yemerera gukora mubushuhe bwagutse nta kwangirika - bateri yambere kugirango ibashe gukora kuri -60º selisiyusi
- birashoboka ko igiciro gito gikesha gukoresha ibikoresho nka sodiumi aho kuba lithium
Ikindi cyiza gikomeye nuko selile zishobora kubakwa hamwe nibikoresho bitangiza ibidukikije, nka sodium yavuzwe haruguru, ishobora gukurwa mumazi yinyanja. Kandi nibisubirwamo byabo ntabwo ari ikibazo. Gusa ikibabaje, niba ushobora kubyita, nuko gushiraho bateri zikomeye bisaba ibidukikije byumye kandi byiza bitarimo ogisijeni.
NTIBUBUZE: "Koridoro y'amashanyarazi" mumihanda minini yigihugu
Maria Helena Braga avuga ko hari bateri za leta zikomeye: ibiceri cyangwa selile, bateri zingana nigiceri zikoreshwa, urugero, mumasaha amwe. Batteri zifite izindi ntera nazo zapimwe muri laboratoire.
Ubu bwoko bwa bateri mumodoka buzabera ryari?
Nk’uko Maria Helena Braga abitangaza ngo ubu bizaterwa n'inganda. Uyu mushakashatsi na Goodenough bamaze kwerekana agaciro k'igitekerezo. Iterambere rigomba gukorwa nabandi. Muyandi magambo, ntabwo bizaba ejo cyangwa umwaka utaha.
Kwimuka muri laboratoire gutera imbere mubicuruzwa ni ikibazo gikomeye. Bishobora gufata indi myaka 15 mbere yuko tubona ubu bwoko bushya bwa bateri ikoreshwa mumashanyarazi.
Ahanini, birakenewe gushakisha uburyo bunini kandi buhendutse bwinganda zituma inganda nubucuruzi byubwoko bushya bwa bateri. Indi mpamvu ifitanye isano nishoramari rinini rimaze gukorwa mugutezimbere bateri ya lithium nibintu bitandukanye. Urugero ruzwi cyane ni Gigafactory ya Tesla.
Muyandi magambo, mumyaka 10 iri imbere dukwiye gukomeza kubona ubwihindurize bwa bateri ya lithium. Biteganijwe ko ubwinshi bwingufu zabo buzamuka hafi 50% naho ibiciro byabo biteganijwe ko bizagabanuka 50%. Ihinduka ryihuse mu nganda zikoresha amamodoka kuri bateri-ikomeye ntabwo iteganijwe.
Ishoramari kandi ryerekejwe ku bundi bwoko bwa bateri, hamwe n’imiti itandukanye y’imiti, ishobora kugera ku nshuro zigera kuri 20 ubwinshi bw’ingufu kurusha batiri ya lithium-ion. Ntabwo aruta inshuro eshatu zagezweho na bateri zikomeye, ariko, nkuko bamwe babivuga, ishobora kugera ku isoko mbere yibi.
Ibyo ari byo byose, ibihe bizaza bisa nkibyiringiro kubinyabiziga byamashanyarazi. Ubu bwoko bwa avance nicyo gikwiye kwemerera urwego rwo guhatanira ihwanye nibinyabiziga bifite moteri yaka imbere. Nubwo bimeze bityo, hamwe niterambere ryose, nkibi byavumbuwe na Maria Helena Braga, bishobora gufata indi myaka 50 kugirango ibinyabiziga byamashanyarazi bigere kuri 70-80% kumasoko yisi.