Ese koko hydrogen yaba lisansi yigihe kizaza? Hyundai, Honda na Toyota bavuga yego kandi berekana moderi yambere yakozwe na seriveri ikoreshwa niyi lisansi mu gitaramo cya Tokiyo na Los Angeles, cyageze ku isoko hagati ya 2014 na 2015.
Imodoka ya hydrogène yasezeranijwe nkukuri kugaragara kandi kugerwaho kuva mu myaka ya za 90. Imodoka ya lisansi (selile lisansi) ni ibinyabiziga byamashanyarazi, ariko aho kwishingikiriza kuri bateri kugirango itange ingufu zikenewe, ibi bitangira kubyara n'imodoka ubwayo. Imiti ikora hagati ya hydrogène ibitswe mu kigega na ogisijeni iboneka mu kirere itanga ingufu zikenewe mu gukoresha moteri y’amashanyarazi, hamwe n’umwuka w’amazi nicyo cyonyine gisohora imyuka.
Isuku, ntagushidikanya, ariko haracyari ibibazo byinshi bitarakemuka mbere yo kugera kuri nirvana izaba ubukungu bwa hydrogen aho kuba ubukungu bwa peteroli buriho. Kuva ku biciro (byagabanutse), kugeza kubikorwa remezo bikenewe, kugeza (ikibazo kinini) cyo kubyara hydrogène. Nubwo ari ikintu cyinshi cyane mu Ijuru, ikibabaje ntabwo cyemerera "gusarura" mu buryo butaziguye, ntabwo ari isoko yambere yingufu. Hydrogen ihora iherekejwe nibindi bintu, birakenewe rero kubitandukanya. Hano haribiganiro binini byerekeranye nubuzima bwa hydrogène nkibicanwa byigihe kizaza. Ingufu zisabwa "kurema" hydrogène zangiza rwose imikorere ya sisitemu yose.
Nubwo bimeze gurtyo, mumyaka 20 ishize twabonye abakora ubudahwema gukurikira iyi nzira, tugera kumajyambere yikoranabuhanga, kugeza aho umwaka utaha tuzaba dufite amamodoka-selile azakurikiranwa. Nukuri ko ibinyabiziga bya hydrogen bimaze kuba bike ahantu hose. No muri Porutugali, twagize bisi zigerageza za STCP zizenguruka Porto. Ariko kimwe na bisi ya STCP, izindi modoka zose zikoresha lisansi ni imishinga yubushakashatsi gusa, igarukira cyane mubucuruzi cyangwa kubyara umusaruro, kandi ntibiboneka kumasoko muri rusange.
Honda yari imwe mubirango bitsindira cyane kuri tekinoroji, kandi ni iyayo, ahari, isura igaragara cyane yubu buryo bwo kugenda, FCX Clarity (ku ishusho iri hejuru). Yatangijwe mu 2008, yagejejwe ku bakiriya bagera kuri 200 bo muri Leta zunze ubumwe za Amerika, Uburayi n'Ubuyapani, ikora nk'abatwara ibizamini. Nubwo Honda igaragara neza, ntabwo izashobora gutangira imodoka ya hydrogène yambere yakozwe.
Yerekanwe muri salon i Los Angeles, kandi biteganijwe ko izashyirwa ku isoko muri Amerika (ubanza igarukira muri leta ya Californiya, kuko muri Amerika hari sitasiyo 9 za 10 zuzuza hydrogen) guhera muriyi mpeshyi, Umunyakoreya Hyundai yatsinze iri siganwa hamwe na Tucson Fuel Cell (iX35). Ikigaragara nuko Tucson nkabandi benshi, ibyihishe munsi yumubiri byitwa Hyundai nkimodoka ikurikira.
Ibyiza kumodoka yamashanyarazi ikoreshwa na bateri biragaragara: ubwigenge bugereranijwe bwa kilometero 480, kuzuza ikigega cya hydrogen muminota itarenze 10 kandi ikirere gikonje ntikikiri ikibazo, nkuko byagaragaye muburyo bigira ingaruka kubushobozi bwa bateri, nko kugenzurwa ku kibabi cya Nissan. Kandi nk'imodoka iyo ari yo yose y'amashanyarazi, iratuje, idahumanya, na 300Nm ya torque iraboneka byoroshye.
Gusa kuboneka binyuze mubukode, abakiriya ba Hyundai Tucson lisansi-selile bagomba kwerekana $ 499 (hafi € 372) buri kwezi mumezi 36. Ariko kurundi ruhande, hydrogen ni ubuntu! Nibyo, umuntu wese ugura iyi Hyundai ntabwo agomba kwishyura hydrogen yakoreshejwe. Ibi birashimishije bihagije?
Muri salon imwe i Los Angeles, Honda yanagaragaje gahunda yibitero bya peteroli. Hyundai yari yiteze, ariko Honda ntabwo iri inyuma, kandi, kuburyo butangaje, yerekanye igitekerezo cya futuristic cyitwa FCEV . Irasa nkikintu kiri muri firime ya sci-fi kandi itandukanye cyane n '“ububi” bwa Tucson ndetse nubutaka bwe. FCEV izerekanwa muburyo bwayo bwa nyuma muri 2015, kandi rwose uburyo kugeza icyo gihe buzagabanuka cyane, Honda ubwayo ivuga ko FCEV ikora gusa nk'icyerekezo cyerekezo kizaza. FCEV, ariko, isa nkigikorwa cya mbere gifatika kubyerekeranye no gutinyuka kwerekanwa na BMW hamwe nurwego rwayo, cyane cyane i8, yerekana neza imodoka ikoresheje "layers".
Ahari icyangombwa kuruta ubwiza nibiri munsi yuruhu. Hano hari iterambere ryingenzi ryerekeranye na FCX. Honda iratangaza ibirometero birenga 480km, hamwe na lisansi yongerera ingufu (3kW / L, 60% kurenza FCX Clarity) mugihe iri hafi ya gatatu yoroheje, yongera gukoresha FCX Clarity. Irasezeranya kandi kuzura mu minota 3, niba sisitemu ifite umuvuduko wa 70 MPa (Mega Pascal). Ubusobekerane bwa sisitemu yemereye Honda, kunshuro yambere, kuyigabanya kuri moteri gusa. Muri FCX Clarity, selile ya lisansi yari mumurongo wo hagati, igabanya kabine mo kabiri.
Twambutse inyanja ya pasifika, twageze mu imurikagurisha ryabereye i Tokiyo, aho Toyota yerekanaga ubwihindurize bw'igitekerezo cya FCV-R, cyerekanwe ahantu hamwe hashize imyaka ibiri. THE Toyota FCV yegereye umurongo wo kubyaza umusaruro, hamwe na Toyota ikomeza iteganya neza ko muri 2015 igomba gutangira kuyamamaza.
Mubigaragara biragoye, hamwe nuburyo bunyuranye kandi ntabwo bwakozwe neza. Duhereye ku magambo ya Toyota, styling inspiration ituruka kumazi atemba na… catamaran. Igitekerezo ni uko umwuka winjira mu kirere kinini, ukorana na hydrogène, nta kindi uhinduka uretse imyuka y'amazi. Itandukaniro riri hagati yumurongo wumubiri utembera nu mpande zikarishye zumubiri birakabije. Twizere ko verisiyo yo gukora ibona neza mubipimo byibice kuri byose, kandi byose hamwe. Ni imodoka ndende, ifite uburebure bwa 1.53m (uburebure bwa Smart), kuburyo ubugari bwa 1.81m busa nkaho ari buke, kimwe n'inziga zisa naho ari nto.
Toyota ivuga ko FCV izaba ifite imyanya 4 (icyogajuru cya Honda cyamamaza imyanya 5) kandi inasezeranya intera ndende ya kilometero zirenga 500. Kimwe na Honda FCEV, izatanga kandi ingufu zingana na 3kW / L kandi MPa 70 yumuvuduko wa tank hamwe na lisansi nayo yatangajwe na Toyota, yemerera lisansi yiminota 3 cyangwa irenga.
Nubwo byamamazwa nkimodoka zikurikirana, kuboneka kwabo bizabanza kuba bike, kuko habuze ibikorwa remezo. Hano nta sitasiyo zihagije zihari kugirango uzamure umwuga wubucuruzi bwiyi modoka ya lisansi, nubwo umubare uteganijwe kwiyongera. Isoko ryambere ryifuzwa cyane ni leta ya Californiya muri Amerika, ariko biteganijwe ko izo modoka zizagurishwa muburayi no mubuyapani.
Muyandi magambo, kimwe n’imodoka zikoresha amashanyarazi zikoresha amashanyarazi, gutangira ubucuruzi byitezwe ko bitinda, wenda bikagenda buhoro. Kandi nta terambere ryingenzi ryateganijwe mugihe gito kandi giciriritse, mugihe ibiganiro byerekeranye nubuzima bwa hydrogène nkibicanwa bizaza biracyari byinshi. Bamwe mu bubatsi bavuga ko hydrogène ari impera yapfuye, abandi bakabona ko ari igisubizo cyiza, kirekire. Kugeza icyo gihe, iyi myaka icumi tuzaba dufite ibyifuzo bitatu bishya kumasoko kugirango abantu bashimishe igice cyisi.