Nibyiza gutangira mugitangira. Ntugire ikibazo, reka ntitugasubire mu 1893, umwaka Rudolf Diesel yakiriye patenti ya moteri ye yo kwikuramo-gutwika - bakunze kwita moteri ya mazutu.
Kugira ngo dusobanukirwe n'izamuka rya moteri ya mazutu mu nganda zitwara ibinyabiziga, tugomba kugenda ikinyejana, cyane cyane mu 1997, igihe amasezerano ya Kyoto arangiye. Aya masezerano aho ibihugu byateye imbere byemeje kugabanya imyuka ihumanya ikirere ya buri mwaka.
Ugereranije, ibihugu bikize cyane bigomba kugabanya imyuka ihumanya ikirere cya 8% mugihe cyimyaka 15 - hakoreshejwe ibyuka byapimwe mu 1990 nkigipimo.
Kuzamuka…
Biteganijwe, ubwikorezi muri rusange hamwe nimodoka byumwihariko byagize uruhare mukugabanuka. Ariko niba abayapani nabanyamerika bageneye umutungo mugutezimbere imodoka zivanze n amashanyarazi, muburayi, tubikesha lobby yinganda zidage, bahitamo ikoranabuhanga rya mazutu - bwari bwo buryo bwihuse kandi buhendutse bwo kugera kuri izo ntego.
Simon Birkett, umuyobozi witsinda rya Clean Air LondonByari itegeko ryo guhinduranya Diesel. Amato yimodoka yi Burayi yahinduwe ahinduka lisansi hafi ya mazutu. Ubwongereza, hamwe n’Ubudage, Ubufaransa n’Ubutaliyani, byatanze inkunga n '"ibijumba" kugira ngo bumvishe abakora imodoka n’abaturage kugura Diesel.
Byongeye kandi, moteri ya Diesel yasimbutse ikoranabuhanga mu myaka ya za 80 na 90, ibyo bikaba byaragize uruhare runini nk'umukinnyi kugabanya imyuka ihumanya ikirere - Fiat yatanga umusanzu ukomeye kugirango Diesel ibe iyindi nzira nziza.
Moteri ya mazutu, kubera imikorere yayo myinshi, yakozwe, ugereranije, 15% munsi ya CO2 ugereranije na moteri ya Otto - moteri ikunze gutwikwa no gutwikwa. Ariko kurundi ruhande, basohoye umwanda mwinshi nka dioxyde de azote (NO2) hamwe nuduce twangiza - inshuro enye ninshuro 22, bigira ingaruka zikomeye kubuzima bwabantu, bitandukanye na CO2. Ikibazo kitaganiriweho bihagije icyo gihe - kugeza mu mwaka wa 2012 ni bwo OMS (Umuryango w’ubuzima ku isi) yatangaje ko imyuka iva kuri moteri ya mazutu ari kanseri ku bantu.
Kugeza mu myaka ya za 90 rwagati, kugurisha imodoka ya mazutu byari hejuru ya 20% gusa, ariko nyuma yo guhinduka hamwe - politiki na tekinoloji - umugabane wacyo wazamuka ukagera kuri kimwe cya kabiri cy isoko - kurangira muri 55.7% muri 2011 , mu Burayi bw'i Burengerazuba.
Kugwa
Niba dushobora kwerekana Dieselgate (2015) nkigihe cyingenzi cyintangiriro yimpera, ikizwi ni uko amaherezo ya Diesel yari amaze gushyirwaho, nubwo kugabanuka gutera imbere kurenza uko tubona byari byitezwe.
Rinaldo Rinolfi, wahoze ari visi perezida mukuru wa Fiat Powertrain Research & Technology - se w'ikoranabuhanga nka gari ya moshi isanzwe cyangwa gari ya moshi - yavuze ko, gusebanya cyangwa nta gusebanya, kugabanuka kwa Diesel kwagombaga kubaho bitewe n'izamuka ry’ibiciro bya moteri kugira ngo byubahirize. bigenda byiyongera cyane.
Yateganyaga ko icyifuzo kizahagarara nyuma y’ishyirwaho rya Euro 6 muri 2014, kandi mu mpera zimyaka icumi umugabane wacyo ukagabanuka kugera kuri 40% by’isoko ryose - muri 2017 umugabane waragabanutse ugera kuri 43.7%, naho muri igihembwe cya mbere cya 2018 ni 37.9% gusa, bimaze kuba munsi yibiteganijwe na Rinolfi, byanze bikunze byihuta na Dieselgate.
Bitewe nigiciro cyiyongera cyo kubahiriza, yahanuye ko moteri ya Diesel izahinduka gusa igice cyo hejuru, gishobora gukuramo amafaranga yinyongera ya powertrain. Kugeza ubu ntituragera kuri iyo ngingo, ariko twabonye igurishwa rya moteri ya lisansi yiyongera kuri mazutu.
Dieselgate
Muri Nzeri 2015, byamenyekanye ko itsinda rya Volkswagen ryakoresheje igikoresho cya manipulator muri moteri ya 2.0 TDI (EA189) muri Amerika, gishobora kumenya igihe cyakorewe ikizamini cy’ibyuka bihumanya ikirere, gihindura indi karita ya elegitoroniki yo gucunga moteri, bityo ikubahiriza hamwe n'imbibi zangiza. Ariko iyo mumuhanda wongeye, yagarutse ku ikarita yumwimerere ya elegitoronike - itanga amavuta meza kandi ikora neza.
Kuki itsinda rya Volkswagen muri Amerika ryakiriye ibihano biremereye - ibiciro byisi yose bimaze kurenga miliyari 25 - mugihe i Burayi, usibye gukusanya amamodoka arenga miliyoni umunani kugirango asanwe, oya? Mubyukuri, Amerika yari imaze "gutwikwa".
Mu 1998, Minisiteri y'Ubutabera yo muri Amerika mu izina rya EPA (Ikigo gishinzwe kurengera ibidukikije) yareze abubatsi bose b'amakamyo ya mazutu kubera ko batsindiye ibikoresho muri moteri zabo bigatuma imyuka ihumanya ikirere - hejuru y’amategeko - NOx cyangwa okiside ya azote.
Bagombaga gutanga ihazabu irenga miliyoni 860 z'amayero. Mubisanzwe, amategeko yarahinduwe "gucomeka ibyobo byose" byakomeje. Ku rundi ruhande, amategeko y’i Burayi, nubwo abuza gukoresha ibikoresho byatsinzwe, afite ibintu byinshi bidasanzwe, bituma amategeko atagira akamaro.
Muri Porutugali
Bigereranijwe ko muri Porutugali hari imodoka zigera ku 125.000 zatewe na Dieselgate, kandi IMT isaba ko zose zisanwa. Icyemezo cyamaganwe na DECO na ba nyiracyo benshi, nyuma yuko hari ibibazo byinshi kandi byinshi bivugwa ku ngaruka mbi ibikorwa bigira ku modoka zagize ingaruka.Ariko, Porutugali ntirafata ibyemezo nkibyo tubona mumijyi myinshi yuburayi.
Ingaruka
Birumvikana ko, tutitaye ku nteruro, ingaruka zurukozasoni zagaragara mu nganda. Ikirenze ibyo, mugihe ubushakashatsi bwakorewe kubutaka bwu Burayi bwerekanye ko atari moderi yitsinda rya Volkswagen gusa ryagize imyuka irenze imipaka mubihe nyabyo.
Komisiyo y’Uburayi yahinduye amategeko agenga ibinyabiziga, kandi mu gihe bidakurikijwe, ubu ifite imbaraga zo gukora ibicuruzwa byiza bigera ku 30.000 by'amayero kuri buri modoka, mu buryo busa n’ibyari bisanzwe bikorwa muri Amerika.
Ariko birashoboka ko igisubizo gishyushye kwari ukubuza moteri ya mazutu kuva mumijyi. Ibyuka bihumanya ikirere byasabye neza ingingo ya CO2 yangiza muri iki kiganiro . Twagiye dutanga raporo kubijyanye no guhagarika gahunda - zimwe zifatika, izindi zifatika, bitewe nigihe ntarengwa - ntabwo ari moteri ya mazutu gusa, ahubwo no kuri moteri zose zaka.
Icyemezo cy'Urukiko rw'Ikirenga rwa Leipzig, mu Budage, cyahaye ububasha imigi yo mu Budage mu cyemezo cyo guhagarika cyangwa kutabuza moteri ya mazutu. Hamburg izaba umujyi wa mbere washyize mubikorwa gahunda - guhera kuri iki cyumweru - izabuza kuzenguruka mu mbibi zayo, nubwo buhoro buhoro, guhera ku ya kera.
Diesel
Mubisanzwe, intambara ya mazutu twabonye yagize ingaruka zigaragara zo kugabanuka kugurishwa, bigatuma uruganda rwiburayi rugira ibibazo. Ntabwo duhereye ku bucuruzi, ahubwo duhereye ku kuzuza intego za CO2 zo kugabanya - moteri ya mazutu yari ingenzi kubigeraho. Kuva 2021 gukomeza, impuzandengo igomba kuba 95 g / km (agaciro karatandukanye mumatsinda).
Igabanuka ryihuse ryibicuruzwa tubona bimaze gutera, muri 2017, kwiyongera kwa CO2 mumodoka nshya yagurishijwe. Bizagora cyane abubatsi kugera ku ntego ziteganijwe, cyane cyane kubatunzwe cyane no kugurisha ubu bwoko bwa moteri.
Kandi nubwo ejo hazaza hazaba amashanyarazi, ukuri ni uko ibicuruzwa bigezweho kandi biteganijwe kugeza mu 2021 mu Burayi, byaba amashanyarazi meza cyangwa imvange, ntabwo aribyo kandi ntibizaba bihagije kugirango uhoshe igihombo cyagurishijwe kuri moteri. Dizel.
Iherezo rya Diesel?
Moteri ya mazutu izasohoka vuba cyane kuruta uko byari byateganijwe? Mu modoka zoroheje birashoboka cyane, kandi ibirango byinshi bimaze gutangaza ko byiyemeje kuvanaho ubu bwoko bwa moteri kurutonde rwabo, haba muburyo bwihariye cyangwa murwego rwabo, kwinjiza mumwanya wabo moteri yaka hamwe ninzego zitandukanye zamashanyarazi - igice- imvange, imvange, hamwe nugucomeka-kimwe n amashanyarazi mashya. Mubyukuri, itegure - hano haza umwuzure wa tram.
Twatangaje kandi iherezo rya Diesel hashize umwaka:
Ariko bisa nkaho ari itangazo ritaragera kuruhande rwacu:
Nkuko twigeze kubivuga, Diesels yari imaze gushyiraho ibyateganijwe, hamwe na Dieselgate cyangwa idafite. Imyaka mbere ya Dieselgate, ikarita yo gushyiraho ibipimo ngenderwaho bya Euro 6 byari bimaze gukorwa - biteganijwe ko Euro 6D izinjira muri 2020, kandi ibipimo bizaza biraganirwaho - kimwe no kwinjiza ikizamini gishya cya WLTP na RDE. protocole, hamwe nintego ya 95 g / km ya CO2.
Mubisanzwe, abayikora bari basanzwe bakora ibisubizo byikoranabuhanga kugirango moteri ya mazutu gusa, ariko moteri zabo zose zaka, zishobore kubahiriza amabwiriza yose azaza.
Nukuri ko Dieselgate yaje kwibaza iterambere rya moteri nshya ya mazutu - zimwe zarahagaritswe. Twabonye, ariko, gutangiza ibyifuzo bishya bya Diesel - yaba verisiyo ivuguruye ya moteri iriho kugirango yubahirize amabwiriza mashya, cyangwa na moteri nshya. Kandi nkuko tubibona kuri moteri ya lisansi, mazutu nayo izahabwa amashanyarazi igice, hamwe na sisitemu ya-hybrid ishingiye kuri 12 cyangwa 48V yububiko bwamashanyarazi.
Niba Diesels ifite ejo hazaza? turabyizera
Niba mumodoka yoroheje, cyane cyane iyindi yoroheje, ejo hazaza habo hasa nkaho ihindagurika - kandi tugomba kwemeranya ko mumodoka izenguruka imijyi gusa ntabwo aribwo buryo bwiza - hariho ubwoko bumwe na bumwe buracyari bwiza cyane. . SUV, cyane cyane nini, ninziza nziza kuri ubu bwoko bwa moteri.
Byongeye kandi, iterambere ryikoranabuhanga turimo kubona muri ubu bwoko bwa powertrain rikomeje kuba ingenzi mu gutwara abantu benshi n’ibicuruzwa - ikoranabuhanga ry’amashanyarazi rizatwara igihe kugira ngo risimburwe neza.
Hanyuma, ntabwo afite impamyabumenyi y’icyuma, umwe mu bantu bagize uruhare runini mu kibazo cy’ibyuka bihumanya ikirere, ni nawe watanze igisubizo cy "impinduramatwara" yo kugabanya cyane imyuka ihumanya ikirere muri Diesels, nibiramuka bigaragaye, bishobora kwemeza ko bishoboka. ubwoko bwa moteri mumyaka iri imbere.
Birahagije kwemeza ko Diesel ikomeza kubaho ku isoko? Tuzareba.