Ukuri: Volkswagen yafashe uburiganya
Ntabwo ari umugambi mubisha w'Abanyamerika. Kandi oya, ntabwo yavuye ahantu. Hari hashize amezi 18 ibisubizo by'ibizamini bya mbere byamenyekanye, bikagaragaza itandukaniro rikabije (inshuro zirenga 40) mu myuka ya NOx yagenzuwe muri laboratoire no ku muhanda. Igikorwa cyo gukusanya ibinyabiziga bya mazutu byibasiwe muri USA cyakorewe, aho kongera gukora programme, mubyukuri, byakemura ikibazo. Ibindi bizamini byagaragaje ko ntacyahindutse.
Kandi umwanya wa Volkswagen wasangaga buri gihe uhakana uburiganya ubwo aribwo bwose. Ibimenyetso, bigenda byiyongera, byatumye Volkswagen ifata uburiganya kumugaragaro, aho yifashishije igikoresho cyatsinzwe - muriki gihe, porogaramu yemerera kwerekana ikarita itandukanye yubuyobozi bwa moteri mugihe mugupimisha ibyuka - igikoresho kibujijwe muri Amerika , kurenga ibipimo byoherezwa muri Amerika byagaragajwe na EPA (Ikigo gishinzwe kurengera ibidukikije).
Tumaze kuvuga ibyo, reka twibagirwe ikibazo cyo gutangaza akanya gato, bigatuma bishoboka gusobanura igikorwa nigikorwa cyuburiganya cyakozwe gusa.
Iyo ikirango gitangije icyitegererezo gishya, kigomba kubahiriza urukurikirane rw'ibisabwa n'amabwiriza, kugirango byemererwe neza kandi byemererwe kugurishwa ku isoko. Volkswagen yafashe icyemezo cyo kurenga ibizamini byemejwe no kutagira igisubizo gifatika cyo kuzuza kimwe muri ibyo bisabwa. Muyandi magambo, mugihe cyibizamini byemewe, imodoka yitwaye neza, yemeza ko bikenewe cyane, ariko iyo hanze yibi bizamini, yerekanaga imyitwarire itandukanye, muburyo butubahiriza bimwe mubisabwa.
Igisobanuro cyiza kumodoka zo mu kinyejana. XXI nugutekereza kuzunguruka mudasobwa. Nkibyo, ibintu byinshi byimikorere yimodoka yacu biterwa nubwinshi bwa sensor ikomeza kohereza amakuru atagira ingano, bisobanurwa n "ubwonko bwa elegitoronike", bigahuza imyitwarire ya sisitemu zitandukanye nuburyo bwasesenguwe. Irashobora guhindura imyitwarire ya sisitemu yumutekano ikora, nko gukwega no kugenzura umutekano, cyangwa guhindura ibipimo bya moteri.
Bitewe n "" ubuhanzi bwirabura "bwo gutangiza porogaramu, mugihe hagaragaye ibintu bitandukanye, imodoka" yamenye "ko ikizamini cyuka kandi ihindura ibipimo byinshi byubuyobozi bwa moteri.
Ukuri: uburiganya, kuri ubu, bugarukira muri Amerika gusa
Muri Amerika niho hamenyekanye uburiganya. Nubwo moteri ya miliyoni 11 zumuryango wa EA189 kwisi yose igomba kuba ifite igikoresho cyo gutsindwa (software ikora uburiganya…), iracyabura kwemezwa na Volkswagen, cyangwa inzego zishinzwe kugenzura iburayi, ko uburyo bumwe bwakoreshejwe nitsinda kugirango bagere kubantu bahuje ibitsina no kubahiriza amahame ya Euro 5 - igipimo gikurikizwa muburayi icyo gihe.Ni ukuvuga, birashobora kubaho mugihe moteri ya EA189 i Burayi hamwe cyangwa idafite ibikoresho byatsinzwe byubahiriza amategeko y’ibidukikije. Ibindi byose nibitekerezo byukuri. Duhereye ku myitwarire yuburiganya yabandi bakora nkibisambo bishoboka ku mugabane wu Burayi. Itandukaniro riri hagati yindangagaciro nyazo zo gukoresha CO2 nibisohoka ni ibiganiro bitandukanye rwose.
Isanzure ry'ikirere risohora imyuka
Nta gusubira inyuma. Hatitawe ku bwoko bwa moteri yo gutwika imbere, hazajya habaho kwirukana imyuka itandukanye muri sisitemu. Ibipimo birahari kugirango bigenzure, uko bishoboka kwose, birukanwa muri sisitemu yo kuzimya. Ibi byose biragoye kubura urwego rwisi.
Muri Amerika, moteri ya mazutu igomba kuba yujuje ubuziranenge bw’ibyuka bihumanya kurusha ibyo mu Burayi. Igipimo cya Euro 6 cyatangiye gukurikizwa mukwezi gushize, cyemereye kugereranya ibipimo byabanyamerika, ariko nubwo bimeze bityo, biremewe kurenza ibi.
Itandukaniro rinini cyane rifitanye isano na aside ya azote, NOx itazwi, ikubiyemo OYA (monoxide nitrogen) na NO2 (dioxyde de azote). Igipimo cy’Abanyamerika, nko mu 2009, cyagabanije imyuka ihumanya ikirere kuri 0.043 g / km, naho Euro 5 yemerera 0.18 g / km, inshuro zirenga enye. Ibihe byashize, bikomeye cyane Euro 6 yemerera 0.08 g / km, nubwo bimeze bityo, hafi kabiri igipimo cyabanyamerika.
Mubintu byose birukanwa nyuma yo gutwikwa na moteri muri moteri ya mazutu, NOx niyo igira uruhare runini mu gushiraho imvura ya aside hamwe numwotsi wa fotokome. Dioxyde ya azote (NO2) irashobora kurakaza ibihaha no kugabanya kurwanya indwara zubuhumekero. Abana n'abasaza, hamwe nabantu bafite uburwayi bwubuhumekero ni bo bumva cyane ibyo bihumanya.
Izi mvange zakozwe no guhuza azote na atome ya ogisijeni mu kirere, mu bihe by'ubushyuhe bwinshi n'umuvuduko mwinshi, mu gutwika moteri y'imodoka. Bitewe na moteri yimbere ya moteri ya mazutu, aha niho dusangamo amahirwe menshi yo gukora ibyo bikoresho.
Hariho tekinoroji nyinshi zo kugenzura ibyuka bihumanya. Binyuze mu mibande ya EGR (Imyuka ya gazi ya gazi cyangwa imyuka ya gazi), imitego ya NOx, cyangwa sisitemu yo kugabanya catalitike (SCR).
Muri Amerika, igisubizo cyonyine gishobora gukurikizwa ku bipimo bikaze, udatanze ibyo kurya cyangwa gukora, bihatira mazutu ibikoresho bya SCR, ikoresha inshinge igisubizo gishingiye kuri urea n'amazi yatoboye, bizwi cyane nka AdBlue, mu myuka isohoka. . Emerera kugabanya neza kugeza 90% byuka bya NOx, ugabanye ibice muri azote ya diatomic namazi. Birumvikana ko yongeraho amafaranga yinyongera, ntabwo yubaka gusa, ahubwo no kubaguzi, bagomba gukomeza kuzuza ububiko bwa X muri X kms.
Kuki, Volkswagen, kubera iki? Guhendutse…
Bigomba kuba ikibazo buriwese abaza mugihe agerageza kumva impamvu imwe mumatsinda yimodoka ikomeye yahisemo kunyura mumuhanda woroshye. Nkuko nabivuze mbere, nta SCR birashoboka ko bidashoboka kubahiriza ibipimo bya NOx muri Amerika. Volkswagen yavuze mu 2008 ko 2.0 TDI yayo idakeneye ibikoresho byiyongera kugirango yubahirize amabwiriza ariho. Kandi ibizamini bya homologation byarabigaragaje.Kutitabaza iyi sisitemu byatumye Volkswagen isubiza mugihe gikwiye hamwe nicyatsi kibisi kugirango habeho intsinzi ya Toyota Prius, kandi, murwego rwo kuzigama amayero 300 kuri buri kinyabiziga cyakozwe. Mu bwigunge, ariko kugwiza imodoka 482.000 zagurishijwe hamwe na moteri muri Amerika, bivuze ko yinjiza miliyoni 144.600.000.
Icyemezo cyafashwe na Volkswagen kirashobora kuba gifite ishingiro, muri make, nukudashobora kubahiriza ibipimo bisabwa kandi icyarimwe cyujuje intego zimbere. Amafaranga yazigamye asa nkaho adafite agaciro kumibare yamaze gutangazwa kugirango yishyure ibyangiritse. Miliyari 6.5 z'amayero zimaze gushyirwa ku ruhande kandi, nubwo bimeze bityo, zishobora kwerekana ko zidahagije, nyuma yo kwishyura amande, amagarama y'urubanza kubera umubare munini w'imanza ziregwamo iryo tsinda, hamwe n'ibikorwa byo gukusanya ibinyabiziga byangiritse.
Uruvange rwa… imyuka
Uburiganya bwa Volkswagen bwatwaye isi yose kandi bidasanzwe mugihe byamenyekanye ko moteri zigera kuri miliyoni 11 zishobora gutegurwa muburiganya. Ibintu byose byashidikanywaga, uhereye kumpaka zijyanye no gukoresha no gutangaza ibyasohotse, kugeza kuri mazutu ubwayo hamwe nuburiganya bushoboka nabandi bakora. CO2 yari ivanze na NOx, ndetse ubwoba bwo kwishyura IUC nyinshi.
Mbere ya byose, imodoka zifite uyu muryango wa moteri, EA189 - zimaze gusimburwa na EA288, zubahiriza Euro 6 -, zigizwe na moteri ya 1.2, 1.6 na 2.0, ntizigaragaza ibibazo byimikorere cyangwa ngo zibangamire umutekano wabatwara. Niba uri umwe mubatunze imodoka ya Volkswagen, Audi, Seat cyangwa Skoda hamwe na moteri yo muri uyu muryango, imodoka yawe ikora neza nkubu nka mbere. Ingaruka z'imyitozo ya Volkswagen irashobora kugira ingaruka ku giciro cyo kugurisha, kandi, nkuko bisanzwe bigenda mu bihugu bimwe na bimwe, hariho itegeko ribuza kugurisha izo modoka kugeza igihe hazaba hasobanuwe neza cyangwa hashobora gutangwa igikorwa cyo gukusanya.
Ibikurikira, reka ntitugashyire imyuka ya CO2 na NOx muburinganire.Icyuka cya CO2, intego zashyizweho kugirango abubatsi babigereho, nizo zonyine zisoreshwa na leta zitandukanye. Ntabwo ari NOx, byibura kuri ubu. Ubwoba bwo kwiyongera kwa IUC kuri moderi zanduye nta shingiro bifite.
Gukemura ibizamini byangiza imyuka ya Volkswagen ntibisobanura agaciro nyako ka CO2 yasohotse kurenza iyamamajwe. Mubyukuri, ibinyuranye birashoboka cyane. Gutanga hamwe na SCR, igisubizo cyo kugumisha imyuka ya NOx mubipimo byaba ari ukugabanya imikorere ya moteri, ukoresheje ibikorwa byiyongereye bya EGR, umuvuduko wa turbo hamwe nubundi buryo ubwo aribwo bwose bugabanya ubushyuhe imbere mucyumba cyaka. Ingamba zafashwe neza kugirango zirengere ibizamini byoherezwa muri Amerika.
Igitangaje, ingaruka mbi zaba izamuka rishoboka ryuka rya CO2 nogukoresha, kimwe nibikorwa byo hasi. Ikintu gishobora gukuraho ubucuruzi bwa mazutu "isukuye" kumasoko yabanyamerika, mubisanzwe ntabwo ari umuhanga mubuhanga. Muyandi magambo, niba hari igikorwa cyo gukusanya ibinyabiziga byangiritse kugirango hubahirizwe ibipimo byashyizweho, ingaruka zishoboka nuko imodoka izagenda gahoro kandi ihenze cyane.
Ariko kuri ubu ni ibihuha gusa, nibyiza ko dutegereza amatangazo ya Volkswagen kandi tukumva ingamba zihariye zizafatwa.
Uburiganya bwari muri Amerika. None se ni iki kivugwa mu Burayi?
Ikiganiro cyavuzwe mu Burayi cyatangiranye n’ibyuka bihumanya ikirere, bitavuye muri Volkswagen gusa ahubwo no ku bandi bakora inganda, kandi ingingo yarangije gutandukana n’ikinyuranyo kigenda cyiyongera hagati y’ibyuka bihumanya ikirere, byatangajwe ko bikoreshwa ndetse n’ibigenzurwa mu bihe nyabyo. Ikiganiro kidafite bike cyangwa kidafite aho gihuriye no kubahiriza imyuka ya NOx cyangwa uburiganya.
Volkswagen yashutse ibigo byabanyamerika kubyerekeye imyuka ihumanya ikirere, bityo bigatuma ibicuruzwa bigabanuka hamwe na CO2. Ariko ntanubwo Volkswagen yashoboye kuvuga niba igikoresho cyarakozwe mugikorwa cyo guhuza ibitsina kumugabane wuburayi, kubera ubudasa buriho mumuryango wa EA189.
Hano haribintu byinshi byimurwa bifite urwego rutandukanye muri buri kimwe muri byo, kandi birashobora guhuzwa nubwoko butandukanye bwo kohereza, bityo rero gukora igikoresho mugupima ibyuka bihumanya muri bimwe mubihinduka ntibishobora kubaho kubera impinduka zitandukanye. Uru rujijo hagati yuburiganya bwakozwe, NOx na CO2, byamamajwe nibikoreshwa nyabyo, byakozwe nabanyamakuru ndetse ninzego za leta, byazanye amakenga kububatsi.
Hariho ubushakashatsi butari buke bwerekanwe mumyaka yashize, iyanyuma ikaba yaratanzwe icyumweru mbere yuko amahano atangira, byerekana itandukaniro riri hagati yindangagaciro zikoreshwa n’ibyuka bihumanya ikirere byatangajwe n’ibigenzurwa mu muhanda, bitandukanye kugera kuri 60% mubihe bimwe. Nyamara, ubu bushakashatsi buragaragaza icyuho cya NEDC (New Europe Driving Cycle), ikizamini aho indangagaciro zikoreshwa hamwe n’ibyuka bya CO2 tuzi kandi bitugurisha tubona.
Uru ruzinduko rwagize ivugurura ryanyuma muri 1997, kandi rutanga urutonde rwimyitozo yose hamwe nuburiganya, nubwo byemewe, byemerera kwerekana ibintu byinshi "icyatsi" kuruta icyukuri. Turashobora kubamagana duhereye kumyitwarire mbwirizamuco, kuberako batangaza ibyo utopian ikoresha nibisohoka, kandi ntasoni twamamaza uruhare rwabo mubihe bizaza, ariko, byemewe n'amategeko, nta buriganya. Dukeneye rwose amabwiriza meza!
NEDC igomba gusimburwa na WLTP (Isi yose ihuza ibinyabiziga byoroheje byerekana ibinyabiziga) Urukozasoni rwa Volkswagen ntirushobora gusa kwihutisha itangizwa ryiki kizamini gishya, ahubwo gishobora no gukomera ingamba zijyanye nayo. Ariko iki ni ikiganiro gitandukanye.
Ikibazo nyamukuru cyaganiriweho ni ukwemeza uburiganya kumyaka na Volkswagen, kubeshya abagenzuzi, abakiriya ndetse nabanywanyi. Ntabwo yungutse gusa kuri iki gipimo, ahubwo yari amarushanwa arenganya.
Nkurugero, Honda na Nissan nabo bari bafite gahunda yo kuzana moteri ya mazutu ihendutse, bahanganye na 2.0 ya Volkswagen muri Amerika, ariko bareka imigambi yabo. Impamvu, zishobora kugaragara neza muri iki gihe, nazo ni zimwe zatumye Mazda isubikwa, mu myaka ibiri, kwinjiza moteri ya Skyactiv ya mazutu ku isoko ry’Amerika.
Turizera hamwe niyi ngingo (kurenza ibyo twifuzaga) kuba twaragize uruhare mukwerekana ibibera muri Volkswagen gusa, ahubwo no mumodoka yose.