Zvisingazivikanwe nevanhu vazhinji, semiconductor zvinhu (munyaya iyi kushomeka kwavo) kwave kuri pazasi pedambudziko razvino iro indasitiri yemotokari yanga ichisangana nayo.
Panguva iyo motokari dzinowedzera kushandiswa kumatunhu, machipisi uye processors, kushaikwa kwezvinhu zvesemiconductor kwakakonzera kunonoka kwekugadzira, kumisikidzwa kwemitsara yegungano uye kutsvaga "njere" mhinduro senge yakawanikwa nePeugeot ye308.
Asi izvi semiconductor zvinhu zvinosanganisirei, kushomeka kwayo kwakamanikidza kumira kwekugadzira muindasitiri yemotokari? Ndeapi marudzi ekushandiswa ane?
Ndezvipi?
Muchidimbu, nesezvinogoneka, semiconductor zvinhu zvinotsanangurwa sechinhu chinogona kuita seyemagetsi ikozvino conductor kana se insulator zvichienderana nezvakasiyana siyana (senge ambient tembiricha, iyo electromagnetic field yairi pasi, kana ega molecular composition).Kutorwa kubva kune zvakasikwa, kune akati wandei zvinhu pane periodic tafura inoshanda semiconductors. Inonyanya kushandiswa muindasitiri iyi silicon (Si) uye germanium (Ge), asi kune mamwe akadai sarufa (S), boron (B) uye cadmium (Cd).
Kana iri yakachena, zvinhu izvi zvinodanwa intrinsic semiconductors (apo kusungirirwa kwevatakuri vane mhosva kwakaenzana nekusangana kwevatakuri vane mhosva).
Iwo anonyanya kushandiswa muindasitiri anonzi extrinsic semiconductors uye ivo vanoratidzwa nekuiswa kwetsvina - maatomu ezvimwe zvinhu, senge phosphorous (P) -, kuburikidza nekuita doping, iyo inovabvumira kudzorwa, pasina kusefa kuburikidza nediki diki (kune marudzi maviri etsvina ayo inoguma nemhando mbiri dzesemiconductors, "N" uye "P"), maitiro avo emagetsi uye kuitisa kwemagetsi emagetsi.
Zvikumbiro zvako ndezvipi?
Kutarisa-tarisa, kune zvinhu zvakati wandei uye zvikamu zvinoda "sevhisi" yesemiconductor zvinhu.
Chikumbiro chayo chinonyanya kukosha chiri mukugadzirwa kwema transistors, chikamu chidiki chakagadzirwa muna 1947 chakatungamira ku "electronic revolution" uye chinoshandiswa kukwidziridza kana kuchinjanisa masaini emagetsi uye simba remagetsi.
Ichi chikamu chidiki, chinogadzirwa uchishandisa semiconductor zvinhu, chiri pazasi pekugadzirwa kwechipisi, microprocessors uye processors aripo mune ese emagetsi zvigadzirwa zvatinogara nazvo zuva nezuva.
Pamusoro pezvo, semiconductor zvinhu zvinoshandiswawo mukugadzirwa kwema diode, anonyanya kushandiswa muindasitiri yemotokari ari light-emitting diode, anozivikanwa zvakanyanya se LED (light-emitting diode).