Hupenyu hurefu kune injini yekupisa yemukati. Zvinoshamisa kuti "kuguma kwakaziviswa" kweinjini yekupisa kwemukati nekuda kwekuwanda kwemagetsi, hakuna kumbove chipingamupinyi chekuona kufambira mberi kukuru mumakore achangopfuura: variable compression ratio (Nissan), compression ignition mumajini epeturu (Mazda) uye ikozvino, Koenigsegg ichaisa mukugadzirwa (kunyangwe zvishoma) yekutanga Otto cycle injini (4 sitiroko) isina camshaft.
Iri munzira iyi yekuvandudza iyo INNengine's 1S ICE inobudawo, iyo inovimbisa kuenderera mberi.
Injini diki asi ine shanduko, ine inonakidza mainjiniya mhinduro mukati. Tosangana navo?
Chii chinonzi 1S ICE?
Iyo 1S ICE kubva kuINNengine iine compact injini muhukuru uye kugona, inorema 500 cm3 uye inorema 43 kg - mugadziri wayo, Juan Garrido, anoti ari kutoshanda mukushanduka kwechikamu ichi chinorema 35 kg (!).Huremu hwayo hwakaderera uye vhoriyamu ndiwo maviri emabhenefiti makuru ayo avo vane mutoro weINNengine vanozivisa pamusoro peyakajairwa mukati memoto injini (4 sitiroko):
- Kusvikira ku70% kuderedzwa kwevhoriyamu yose;
- Kusvikira ku75% kuderedza uremu;
- Kusvikira ku70% zvishoma zvikamu;
- Uye kusvika 75% kushoma kutamiswa, asi neiyo yakafanana simba density seyakajairwa injini 4x yakakura. Semuenzaniso, iyo 500 cm3 1S ICE inowana simba rimwechete se 2000 cm3 4-stroke injini.
Tinogonawo kuona kuti, zvisinei nekukura kwecubic diki, 1S ICE ine masilinda mana uye… mapistoni masere - hapana kukanganisa, ari mapiston masere… pamberi peinjini yepistoni inopikisa. Ndakanyora mapistoni anopikisa uye kwete anowanzozivikanwa anopikisa masilinda. Chii chakasiyana?
Opposite pistons akura kupfuura zvaunofunga
Opposite-piston injini hadzina kufanana neinjini-cylinder injini sedziya dzatinoziva muPorsche neSubaru. Chii chakasiyana? Muinjini dzepiston dzinopikisa tine mapistoni maviri pacylinder, achishanda imwe yakatarisana neimwe, nekamuri yekupisa ichigovaniswa nevose.
Izvo hazvisi, zvisinei, zvitsva kana zvasvika kune mukati memoto injini, kunyangwe iri isina kujairika tekinoroji mhinduro.
Muchokwadi, injini yepiston yekutanga inopikisa yakadzokera ku1882, yakagadzirwa naJames Atkinson (iye Atkinson mumwechete akapa zita rake kune eponymous combustion cycle yakawanikwa, pamusoro pezvose, mumotokari dzakasanganiswa, nekuda kwekushanda kwayo kukuru).
Kubatsira kukuru kwegadziriro iyi iri mukubudirira kukuru, sezvo hapasisina cylinder musoro uye camshafts - inopikisa piston injini ndeye 2-stroke - kuderedza uremu, kuoma, kupisa uye friction kurasikirwa, uye mari.
Nyorera kune tsamba yedu
Nekudaro, mukuita, sezvo mapistoni maviri ari muhumburumbira imwechete anofanirwa kushanda nenzira yakarongeka, anofanirwa kuve akabatanidzwa mumuviri, achimanikidza kutsiva mamwe akarasika kuoma uye uremu.
Inopikisa piston injini dzave dzichishandiswa, pamusoro pezvose, mukutakura kukuru, sengarava, mota dzemauto, kana kunyange semajenareta anoshanda. Munyika yemotokari ivo vashoma kwazvo. Nhasi, pamwe injini yepedyo yakatarisana-piston yekushongedza mota (kana pachose mota yekutengesa) ndeye Achates Power. Une vhidhiyo pfupi inoita kuti unzwisise kuti inoshanda sei:
Opposite pistons 2.0: goodbye crankshaft
Ndeupi mutsauko uripo pakati pe1S ICE kubva kuINNEngine neiyi yakatarisana-cylinder injini kubva kuAkates? Sezvatinoona mufirimu iri pamusoro, kudzora kufamba kwemapistoni ose mumasilinda tine ma crankshafts maviri akabatanidzwa pamwe chete ne gear system. Iyo 1S ICE inongopaza ne crankshafts, uye pamwe navo matanda ekubatanidza uye ese anobatanidzwa magiya anonyangarika kubva panzvimbo.
Nekudzikisa zvakanyanya kuwanda kwezvikamu zvinodiwa pakushanda kweinjini yayo, INNengine yakawana kuderedzwa kwambotaurwa kwehuwandu nehuremu, uye nekugona kuwedzera mukubudirira.
Panzvimbo pema crankshafts tinowana zvidimbu zviviri (rudzi rwedhisiki rinokwana pane shaft yeinjini), imwe kumagumo einjini, paine imwe yenzvimbo dzayo dzakanyatsoverengerwa dzisina kurongeka. Ndidzo dzinoita kuti zvikwanisike kurongedza kufamba kwemapistoni masere (izvo zvino kufamba muaxis parallel kune motor axis).
Vaone vari kushanda:
Zvinonzwika zvisina musoro zviri nyore, handizvo here? Kutenda kune equidistant uye concentric kurongeka kwese (zvishoma) zvinofamba zvikamu, uye kufamba kwepistoni kunoenderana nehombe shaft, chiyero cheinjini iyi chinenge chakakwana.
Kusavepo kwekuzunguzika kwakadai zvekuti, pavakaratidza firimu reinjini yemuenzaniso pabhenji rekuyedza, yaipomerwa kunyepa, sezvo yaisaonekwa neziso rakashama kuti injini yaimhanya…
Muvhidhiyo iyi pfupi tinogonawo kuona zvimwe zvinhu zve1S ICE, senge mukana wekusimudzira zvishoma nzvimbo yeimwe ye "crankshafts". Mukana unobvumira kugovaniswa kwakasiyana, kwete mavharuvhu (haana iwo), asi madoko (inlet uye exhaust) anotora nzvimbo yawo. Uye zvakare inobvumira dynamically kusiyanisa compression reshiyo, ichichinja sezvinodiwa, senge injini yeNissan.
Chinangwa chezvisarudzo izvi, sezvaungawana mune mamwe ma-4-stroke injini dzinoshongedza mota dzedu, ndeyekuwana hukuru hwekuita nekuita. Panyaya ye1S ICE, inobvumira kushanduka kwekuti 2-stroke injini - dzakadai seyakatarisana nepistons - haibvumiri, neizvi kuva zvezvigadziro zvakagadziriswa.
Uye izvo zvinotisvitsa kune imwe tsvakiridzo ye1S ICE, chokwadi chekuti i1-stroke injini, chinhu chakakosha zvekuti chikamu chezita rayo: 1 Stroke kana 1-Stroke.
Ka1 chete?! Naizvo?
Isu tinoziva izwi rekuti 4-stroke injini (iyo inoshongedza mota dzedu neinjini yekupisa mukati), pamwe neiyo 2-stroke injini (idzi dzinowanzobatanidzwa nemidhudhudhu). Nekudaro, INNengine inoti injini yayo ndeye 1 sitiroko, zvinoreva:
- 4-stroke: kumwe kuputika kwemakona maviri e crankshaft;
- 2 shamhu: kuputika kumwe kwega kwega crankshaft turn;
- 1 nguva: kuputika kuviri kune yega yega crankshaft turn.
Mune mamwe mazwi, kunyange zvazvo nheyo yekushanda ye1S ICE yakafanana neyo 2-stroke injini, inotarisira, zvisinei, kaviri kuputika kwekutenderera kwega kwe crankshaft, uye quadruple zvatinokwanisa kuwana mu 4-stroke injini. Panguva imwecheteyo, chivakwa chitsva ichi chinozadzisa zvese izvi nezvikamu zvishoma.
Ichi ndicho chimwe che "zvakavanzika" zvekushanda kwayo kwakavimbiswa uye zvakare nekuita kwayo kwakananga: maererano neINengine, diki yayo 500 cm3 inokwanisa kuratidza nhamba dzakaenzana ne2000 cm3 4-stroke injini.
Nhamba… zvinogoneka
Tichiri muchikamu chebudiriro, saka hapana nhamba dzakajeka. Asi mumavhidhiyo umo Juan Garrido anoita seanotsanangura zvese nezve injini yake (tichasiya vhidhiyo pakupera kwechinyorwa), pane nhamba inomira pachena: 155 Nm pa800 rpm! Chimiro chinokatyamadza uye chekuenzanisa chete, isu tine ma torque akafanana anowanikwa nediki zviuru zveturbos pamusika wedu, asi akasvika 1000 rpm gare gare uye ... akachajiswa.Nhamba dzine chekuita nekushandisa / kuburitsa, isu tichafanirwa kumirira kwenguva yakareba, izvo zvinotisvitsa kumubvunzo wakakosha:
Ichauya kuzoshongedza mota here?
Pamwe, asi kwete nenzira yaunofunga. Kunyangwe ivo vari kushandura Mazda MX-5 (NB) kuti ishande seyeyedzo prototype yeinjini iyi, chinangwa uye kutungamira kwekusimudzira kwayo kunonyanya kushanda senge renji rekuwedzera kune mota dzemagetsi.
Icho chokwadi chekuti compact, yakareruka, inoshanda, uye inogadzira nhamba dzakakwirira kudaro pamarevs akaderera akadaro - chinangwa cheiyi range extender kuburitsa 30 kW (41 hp) pa2500 rpm - inogona kuiita iyo yakakwana range extender . Mutengo wakaderera (hapana kudikanwa kwebhatiri rakakura kudaro), kusvibiswa kushoma (injini yekupisa inobudirira), uye kukwenenzvera pabhodhi (kusavapo kwekuzunguzika).
Zvisinei, mamwe maapplication ari mberi kweinjini iyi, ine INNengine ichigadzira injini yemakwikwi, uye ndege (chiedza) yakatoratidza kufarira kweinjini iyi.
Nyika chaiyo
Kufanana neAchates Power injini, kugona kweINengine 1S ICE hakurambike. Kuti unyatsozviona, rutsigiro rwakakura rwemari runodiwa, uye kunyangwe makambani ese ari maviri aine rutsigiro rweSaudi Aramco (iyo Saudi mafuta hofori), chakanakira chingave chekutsigirwa nemumwe kana akati wandei anogadzira mota.
Kana Achates Power yakatozviwana nekuda kwechikamu chekutsigira kubva kuCummins (injini mugadziri) uye ARPA-E (US hurumende agency yemapurojekiti epamberi ane chekuita nemagetsi), INNengine haisati yaiwana.
Kune makore gumi ebudiriro, pane atova injini prototypes pamabhenji ebvunzo. Kufarira kunogadzirwa kunogona kungosimuka - kunyangwe nekuda kwezvipikirwa zveiyi booster -, asi kunyangwe zvakadaro, haina kuvimbiswa kusvika pamhedzisiro inobudirira. Izvi zvinokonzerwa nemamiriro ezvinhu aripo, apo indasitiri yemotokari inotariswa nechisimba, chete uye chete, pakuisa magetsi. Zvichaomera muvaki kusiyanisa mari yake kuita injini yekupisa yemukati nyowani, uye kunze uko kune zvakawanda zvitsva mairi.
Hazvishamisi kuti INNengine yakatarisana nekugadzira iyo 1S ICE senge renji rekuwedzera - inoita kunge ndiyo chete mukana waungaite munguva pfupi iri kutevera uye kubata kufarira kweindasitiri yemotokari.
Kukosha kweinjini yekupisa kwemukati mune ramangwana kwakakosha kwete chete kumota, asi kune ese marudzi emota yaanoshandisa, ingave nyika, gungwa kana mhepo. Nhamba dzakajeka uye dzakawanda.
Inenge mamiriyoni mazana maviri emagetsi emagetsi emukati anogadzirwa gore negore (anenge mamiriyoni 90 ndeemotokari), saka hazvitarisirwi kuti munguva pfupi / yepakati ivo vachangonyangarika ikozvino nokuti "takawana" magetsi.
Izvo zvakakosha kuti urambe uchiisa mari mukushanduka kwavo, sezvo ivo variwo chikamu chemhinduro.
Kune avo vanoda kuziva zvakawanda pamusoro peinjini inopisa yemukati, ndinokusiira vhidhiyo (yeSpanish, asi yakanyorwa muChirungu) naJuan Francisco Calero, mutori wenhau, akawana mukana wekushanyira zvivako zveINNengine uye kutaura naJuan Garrido, kubva INNengine :