Zviri nani kutanga pakutanga. Usazvinetse, ngatisadzokera ku1893, gore iro Rudolf Diesel akagamuchira patent yeinjini yake yekudzvanya-inowanzozivikanwa seinjini yedhiziri.
Kuti tinzwisise kusimuka uye kudonha kweinjini dzedhiziri muindasitiri yemotokari, isu tinofanirwa kuenda zana, zvakanyanya kusvika 1997, apo Chibvumirano cheKyoto chapera. Chibvumirano ichi apo nyika dzakabudirira dzakabvumirana kuderedza kuburitsa kwavo kwepagore kweCO2.
Paavhareji, nyika dzakapfuma dzinofanira kuderedza kuburitswa kwadzo kweCO2 ne8% mukati memakore gumi nemashanu - vachishandisa hutsi hwakayerwa muna 1990 sechiyero.
Kukwira kudenga…
Sezvingatarisirwa, kutakurwa kwakawanda uye mota kunyanya kwaizofanira kubatsira mukuderedza uku. Asi kana vagadziri veJapan neAmerica vakagovera zviwanikwa mukugadzirwa kwemotokari dzakasanganiswa nemagetsi, muEurope, nekuda kwenzvimbo yevagadziri veGerman, vanobheja tekinoroji yedhiziri - yaive nzira inokurumidza uye yakachipa yekuzadzisa zvinangwa izvi.
Simon Birkett, mutungamiriri weboka Rakachena Air LondonYakanga iri hurongwa hwekuchinjira kuDiesel. Zvikepe zvemotokari zvekuEurope zvakashandurwa kubva pakuita peturu kuenda pakuva kunyanya dhiziri. UK, pamwe neGermany, France neItaly, dzakapa mari dzerubatsiro uye “masweeteners” ekunyengetedza vagadziri vemotokari pamwe neveruzhinji kuti vatenge Diesel.
Uyezve, injini yeDiesel yakaita kusvetuka kwakakosha kwetekinoroji muma80's uye 90's, izvo zvakabatsira basa guru semutambi kuderedza kuburitswa kweCO2 - Fiat yaizoita mupiro wakasimba mukuita Diesel imwe nzira inoshanda.
Injini yedhiziri, nekuda kwekushanda kwayo kukuru, inogadzirwa, paavhareji, 15% yakaderera CO2 pane injini yeOtto - injini yakajairika ine kupisa nekupisa. Asi nerumwe rutivi, vakaburitsa muhuwandu hwakanyanya kusvibisa senge nitrogen dioxide (NO2) uye zvimedu zvinokuvadza - kana kakapetwa ka22 zvichiteerana - izvo zvinokanganisa zvakanyanya hutano hwevanhu, kusiyana neCO2. Dambudziko rakanga risina kunyatsokakavadzana panguva iyoyo - hazvina kusvika muna 2012 apo WHO (World Health Organization) yakazivisa kuti kubudiswa kweinjini dzedhiziri kwaiva necarcinogenic kuvanhu.
Kusvika pakati pemakore ekuma1990, kutengeswa kwemotokari dzedhiziri kwaingodarika makumi maviri muzana ehuwandu, asi mushure mekuchinja kwakabatikana - zvematongerwo enyika uye tekinoroji - mugove wayo waizokwira kusvika inopfuura hafu yemusika - kusvika ku55.7% muna 2011 , muWestern Europe.
... uye kuwa
Kana tikakwanisa kuratidza Dieselgate (2015) senguva inokosha yekutanga kwekupedzisira, chii chiri chokwadi ndechokuti kuguma kweDiesel kwakanga kwatoiswa, kunyange zvazvo kuderera kunofambira mberi kupfuura kwatinoona ikozvino kwaitarisirwa.
Rinaldo Rinolfi, aimbove mutevedzeri wemutungamiri weFiat Powertrain Research & Technology - baba vetekinoroji yakaita seyakajairika njanji kana mhepo yakawanda - vakati, kunyomba kana kusanyomba, kudzikira kweDiesel kwaizofanira kuuya nekuda kwekukwira kwemitengo yemainjini aya kuti atevedzere. kuwedzera kuomesera emission standards.
Mafungiro ake aive ekuti kudiwa kwaizodzika mushure mekuiswa kweEuro 6 muna 2014, uye pakupera kwemakore gumi chikamu chayo chaizodzikiswa kusvika ku40% yemusika wese - muna 2017 mugove wakaderera kusvika ku43.7%, uye mumusika. yekutanga kota ye2018 ingori 37.9%, yatove pazasi pekufanotaura kwaRinolfi, maitiro akakwidziridzwa neDieselgate.
Tichifunga nezve mutengo unoramba uchikwira wekutevedzera, akafanotaura kuti injini dzeDiesel dzaizove dzega kuzvikamu zvepamusoro, zvichikwanisa kutora mutengo wakawedzerwa wezvitima zvemagetsi. Hatisati tasvika padanho iroro, asi taona kuwedzera kwekutengeswa kwemainjini epeturu zvichikanganisa dhiziri.
Iyo Dieselgate
MunaGunyana 2015 zvakava pachena kuti boka reVolkswagen rakashandisa chigadziriso muinjini yayo 2.0 TDI (EA189) muUS, inokwanisa kuona painenge ichiiswa muyedzo yekubuda mumhepo, ichichinjira kune imwe mepu yemagetsi yekutarisira injini, zvichibva zvaita. nemiganhu yekuburitsa yakatemerwa. Asi payaive munzira zvakare, yakadzokera kumepu yemagetsi yepakutanga - ichipa zvirinani kushandiswa kwemafuta uye kuita.
Nei boka reVolkswagen muUS rakawana chirango chinorema kudaro - mari yepasi rose yatosvika kupfuura mabhiriyoni makumi maviri nemashanu emadhora - muEurope, mukuwedzera kuunganidza mota dzinopfuura mamirioni masere dzakakanganisika kuti dzigadziriswe, kwete? Muchokwadi, iyo US yakanga yato "scalded".
Muna 1998, Dhipatimendi reUnited States reJustice rakamiririra EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) rakamhan'arira vese vanovaka marori edhiziri nekuda kwekushandisa kukunda michina mumainjini avo izvo zvakakonzera kubuda kwepamusoro - pamusoro pemuganhu wepamutemo - NOx kana nitrogen oxides.
Vaifanira kubhadhara faindi inodarika 860 miriyoni euros. Nomuzvarirwo, mitemo yakachinjwa kuti "kuvhara maburi ese" yaichengeta. Mutemo weEurope, kune rumwe rutivi, kunyangwe uchirambidza kushandiswa kwemidziyo yekukundwa, ine zvakati wandei, izvo zvinoita kuti mutemo ushaye basa.
MuPortugal
Zvinofungidzirwa kuti muPortugal kune mota dzinosvika zviuru zana nemakumi maviri neshanu dzakabatwa neDieselgate, uye IMT inoda kuti dzose dzigadziriswe. Chisarudzo chakapikiswa neDECO uye varidzi vazhinji, mushure mekunge paine nyaya dzakawanda uye dzakawanda dzakataurwa nezvehuipi hunokanganisa hunoitwa pamotokari dzakabatwa.Nekudaro, Portugal haisati yatora sarudzo dzakaita sedziya dzatinoona mumaguta mazhinji eEurope nenyika.
Migumisiro
Zvechokwadi, pasinei nemutongo, migumisiro yekunyadzisa yaizonzwika mumhizha. Zvakare, apo kumwe kuedzwa pavhu reEurope kwakaratidza kuti yaisangova mhando dzeboka reVolkswagen dzaive nemhepo inobuda pamusoro pemuganhu mumamiriro chaiwo.
European Commission yakashandura mitemo yekupihwa chitupa chemotokari, uye kana paine zvisizvo, yave nesimba rekubhadharisa vagadziri kusvika ku30,000 euros pamotokari, muchiyero chakafanana nechakange chave kushanda muUSA.
Asi pamwe chave kunyanya kupisa kwave kuri kurambidza injini dzedhiziri kubva mumaguta. NOx emissions yakanyatso kutsiva musoro we CO2 emissions munhaurirano iyi . Isu tanga tichitaura nezvezvirongwa zvekurambidza - zvimwe zvinobatika, zvimwe zvekufungidzira, zvichienderana nenguva dzakaziviswa - kwete zveinjini dzedhiziri chete, asi kune ese emagetsi emoto.
Mutongo weSupreme Administrative Court weLeipzig, Germany, wakapa simba kumaguta eGermany muchisarudzo chokurambidza kana kuti kusarambidza injini dzedhiziri. Hamburg richava guta rekutanga kuita hurongwa - kutanga svondo rino - izvo zvinorambidza kutenderera kwaro mukati memiganhu yaro, zvisinei zvishoma nezvishoma, kutanga nevakuru.
Diesel kutsamira
Sezvingatarisirwa, hondo yedhiziri yatakaona yaive nemhedzisiro iri pachena yekudonha kwekutengesa, ichiisa vagadziri vekuEurope mumatambudziko. Kwete kubva pakuona kwekutengeserana, asi kubva pakuona kwekusangana ne CO2 kudzikisa zvinangwa - injini dzedhiziri dzaive uye dzakakosha pakuzviwana. Kubva 2021 zvichienda mberi, avhareji ichafanirwa kunge iri 95 g/km (kukosha kunosiyana neboka).
Kuwedzera kuderera kwekutengesa kwatiri kupupurira kwakatokonzera, muna 2017, kuwedzera kwe CO2 emissions mumotokari itsva dzinotengeswa. Zvichava zvakanyanya kuoma kune vavaki kuti vasangane nezvinangwa zvakarongwa, kunyanya kune avo vanonyanya kuvimba nekutengesa kwemhando iyi yeinjini.
Uye zvisinei neramangwana rinenge riri remagetsi, chokwadi ndechekuti ikozvino uye inofungidzirwa kutengesa vhoriyamu kusvika 2021 muEurope, ingave yemagetsi yakachena kana yakasanganiswa, haingori uye haingakwani kuti ibvise kurasikirwa kwekutengesa mumamotor.
Kupera kweDiesel?
Injini dzedhiziri dzichabuda nekukurumidza kupfuura zvanga zvichitarisirwa here? Mumotokari dzakareruka zvingangodaro, uye mhando dzakawanda dzakatozivisa kuzvipira kwavo kubvisa rudzi urwu rweinjini kubva mumakatalogi avo, ingave mune mamwe mamodheru kana mhiri kwadzo, vachiunza munzvimbo yavo injini dzinopisa dzine mazinga akasiyana emagetsi — semi- mahybrids, mahybrids, nema plug-in mahybrids — pamwe nemagetsi matsva. Muchokwadi, gadzirira - pano panouya mafashama ematiramu.
Takazivisawo kupera kweDiesel rinenge gore rapfuura:
Asi zvinoita sekunge chave chiziviso chisati chasvika kwatiri:
Sezvatakambotaura, maDiesel anga atove nedestiny set, aine kana asina Dieselgate. Makore pamberi peDieselgate, mepu yekuunzwa kweEuro 6 emission standard yanga yatodhirowa - iyo Euro 6D standard inotarisirwa kupinda muna 2020, uye mazinga emangwana atove kukurukurwa - pamwe nekupinda kweiyo WLTP itsva neRDE bvunzo. maprotocol, uye chinangwa che95 g/km yeCO2.
Nomuzvarirwo, vagadziri vakanga vatoshanda pamichina yekugadzirisa kuitira kuti kwete chete injini dzedizeli, asi injini dzavo dzose dzinopisa, dzinogona kutevedzera mitemo yose yeramangwana.
Ichokwadi kuti Dieselgate yakauya kuzobvunza kuvandudzwa kweinjini itsva dzedhiziri - dzimwe dzakatodzimwa. Isu takaona, zvakadaro, kutangwa kwezvikumbiro zvitsva zveDiesel - ingave yakagadziridzwa shanduro dzeinjini dziripo kuti dzienderane nemirau mitsva, kana kunyange injini itsva. Uye sezvatinoona muinjini dzepeturu, madhiziri achaiswawo magetsi zvishoma, aine semi-hybrid masisitimu akavakirwa pa12 kana 48V magetsi ekuvaka.
Kana Diesels ane ramangwana? tinotenda saizvozvo
Kana mumotokari dzakareruka, kunyanya idzo dzakasimba, remangwana radzo rinotaridzika kuzunguzika - uye isu tinofanirwa kubvumirana kuti mumotokari dzinongofamba mumadhorobha haisiriyo sarudzo yakanakisa - pane mamwe marudzi ayo achiri akakodzera. . MaSUV, kunyanya iwo mahombe, akanakisa zvigadziro zverudzi urwu rweinjini.
Pamusoro pezvo, budiriro yetekinoroji yatiri kuona mumhando iyi yemagetsi inoramba ichinyanya kukosha kune inorema yekutakura kwevafambi uye zvinhu - tekinoroji yemagetsi icharamba ichitora nguva kuti ive inotsiviwa.
Pakupedzisira, kwete nedhigirii rake rekunyomba, mumwe wevanonyanya kutaurwa mune emissions scandal, ndiye zvakare akapa "revolutionary" mhinduro yekudzikisa zvakanyanya NOx emissions muDiesels, iyo, kana yakaratidza, inogona kuvimbisa kuita kwakakodzera kweizvi. mhando yemotokari mumakore anotevera.
Zvakakwana here kuita kuti Diesel irambe iripo pamusika? Tichaona.