Chokwadi: Volkswagen yakatora hutsotsi
Haisi kurangana kweAmerica. Uye kwete, hazvina kubuda chero kupi zvako. Pave nemwedzi ye18 kubva zvakabuda bvunzo dzekutanga zvichizivikanwa, zvichiratidza kusawirirana kwakashata (kusvika ku40 times more) muNOx emissions yakasimbiswa murabhoritari uye munzira. Oparesheni yekuunganidza mota dzedhiziri dzakakanganisika muUSA yakaitwa, uko reprogramming, ne theoretically, yaizogadzirisa dambudziko. Mimwe miedzo yakaratidza kuti hapana chakachinja.
Uye chinzvimbo cheVolkswagen chaigara chiri chekuramba nezvehutsotsi hwakaitwa. Humbowo, huchiwedzera kusadzivirirwa, hwakatungamira Volkswagen kuti itore zviri pamutemo hunyengeri, umo yakashandisa mudziyo wekukunda - mune iyi nyaya, chirongwa chinobvumira kuburitsa mepu yekutarisira yakasiyana yeinjini kana iri muyedzo yekuburitsa - mudziyo unorambidzwa muUSA. , kunzvenga zvimiro zveUS zvinoburitswa neEPA (Environment Protection Agency).
Tataura izvozvo, ngatimbokanganwai nezvenyaya yekutepfenyura kwekanguva, izvo zvinoita kuti zvikwanise kujekesa chiito uye chiito chehutsotsi chakaitwa chete.
Kana mhando yakaunza modhi nyowani, inofanirwa kutevedzera zvakatevedzana zvezvinodiwa nemirairo, kuitira kuti inyatso kubvumidzwa uye kupihwa mvumo yekutengesa mumusika. Volkswagen yakafunga nemaune kunzvenga bvunzo dzekubvumidza nekusave nemhinduro inoshanda yekuzadzisa chimwe cheizvi zvinodiwa. Mune mamwe mazwi, panguva yekuedzwa kwemvumo, mota yakazvibata zviri pamutemo, ichivimbisa mvumo yaidiwa zvakanyanya, asi kana iri kunze kwenzvimbo iyi yekuyedzwa, yakaratidza maitiro akasiyana, mukusatevedzera zvachose zvimwe zvinodiwa.
Tsanangudzo yakanakisa yemotokari dzezana. XXI ndeyekufunga ivo vachitenderedza makomputa. Sezvo zvakadaro, zvinhu zvakawanda zvekushanda kwemotokari yedu zvinoenderana nehuwandu hwemashoko anoramba achitumira nhamba isingagumi yedata, inodudzirwa ne "uropi hwemagetsi", kugadzirisa maitiro ezvirongwa zvakasiyana-siyana kune mamiriro akaongororwa. Inogona kukanganisa maitiro eanoshanda ekuchengetedza masisitimu, akadai sekudhonza uye kugadzikana kudzora, kana kushandura injini manejimendi paramita.
Kutenda ku "black arts" yepurogiramu, apo nhevedzano yemamiriro ezvinhu yakaonekwa, motokari "yakaona" kuti yakanga iri kuongororwa nemhepo uye yakashandura maitiro akawanda ehutungamiri hwejini.
Chokwadi: hutsotsi, parizvino, hunongogumira kuUS chete
Yakanga iri muUS chete iyo hunyengeri hwakaonekwa uye hwakafungidzirwa. Zvisinei nemainjini emamiriyoni gumi nerimwe emhuri yeEA189 pasi rose anofanirwa kunge aine mudziyo wekukunda (software yehutsotsi…), ichiri kushaya humbowo neVolkswagen, kana kuti European regulatory bodies, kuti nzira imwe cheteyo yakashandiswa neboka kuita homologation. uye kutevedzera chiyero cheEuro 5 - chiyero chaishanda muEurope panguva iyoyo.Kureva kuti, zvinogona kuitika kana EA189 injini muEurope ine kana isina kukundwa mudziyo inoenderana nemutemo wezvakatipoteredza. Zvimwe zvese fungidziro dzakachena. Kubva muhunyengeri hutsika hwevamwe vagadziri sezvinobvira hutsotsi hunoitwa mukondinendi yeEurope. Musiyano uripo pakati pepamutemo uye chaiwo kukosha kwekushandisa CO2 uye emissions inhaurirano yakasiyana zvachose.
The nebulous universe of emissions
Hapana kudzokera shure. Zvisinei nerudzi rweinjini yekupisa yemukati, pachagara paine kudzingwa kwakasiyana kwemagasi kubva kune exhaust system. Miyero iripo yekudzora, sezvingabvira, izvo zvinodzingwa kubva kune exhaust system. Zvese izvi zvinoomeswa nekusavapo kwemwero wepasi rose.
MuUS, injini dzedhiziri dzinofanirwa kuzadzisa zviyero zvekuburitsa izvo zvakanyanya kuomarara kupfuura izvo zviri muEurope. Iyo Euro 6 yakajairwa, iyo yakatanga kushanda mwedzi wapera, yakabvumira kufungidzira kune zviyero zveAmerica, asi kunyangwe zvakadaro, ivo vanoregedzera kupfuura izvi.
Misiyano mikuru ine chekuita nenitrogen oxides, iyo yakashata NOx, iyo inosanganisira NO (nitrogen monoxide) uye NO2 (nitrogen dioxide). Muyero weAmerica, kutanga muna 2009, wakaganhurirwa NOx emissions kusvika 0.043 g/km, nepo Euro 5 yakabvumira 0.18 g/km, inodarika kakapetwa kana. Iyo ichangoburwa, yakaomesesa Euro 6 inobvumira 0.08 g/km, kunyangwe zvakadaro, inoda kupeta kaviri chiyero cheAmerica.
Pane zvese zvinodzingwa mushure mekupiswa kwemafuta muinjini yedhiziri, NOx ndiyo inonyanya kubatsira pakuumbwa kweasidhi mvura uye photochemical smog. Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) inogona kutsamwisa mapapu uye kuderedza kurwisa zvirwere zvekufema. Vana nevakwegura, uye vanhu vane zvirwere zvekufema ndivo vanonyanya kuona kune izvi zvinosvibisa.
Mishonga iyi inoumbwa nekubatanidzwa kwenitrogen uye maatomu eokisijeni mumhepo, pasi pemamiriro ekupisa kwakanyanya uye kumanikidzwa kukuru, mukupisa kweinjini dzemotokari. Nekuda kwehunhu hwemainjini edhiziri, apa ndipo patinowana mukana mukuru wekugadzira aya makomisheni.
Patova nematekinoroji akati wandei ekudzora kubuda kweNOx Kuburikidza neEGR mavharuvhu (Exhaust Gas Recirculation kana Exhaust Gas Recirculation), NOx traps, kana selective catalytic reduction (SCR) systems.
MuUnited States, iyo chete inogadzirisa mhinduro kune dzakasimba mitemo, pasina kupira kushandiswa kana kushanda, inomanikidza madhiziri kuti agadziriswe SCR, iyo inoshandisa jekiseni remhinduro kunobva urea uye mvura yakasvibiswa, inonyatsozivikanwa seAdBlue, mumagasi emhepo. . Inokutendera iwe kunyatso kudzikisa kusvika ku90% yeNOx emissions, kuputsa komisheni kuita diatomic nitrogen nemvura. Zvechokwadi, inowedzera mari yekuwedzera, kwete chete kumuvaki, asiwo kune mutengi, uyo anofanira kuramba achizadza dhipoziti ye X mu X kms.
Sei, Volkswagen, nei? Zvakachipa zvinodhura…
Inofanira kunge iri mubvunzo unobvunzwa nemunhu wese kana achiedza kunzwisisa kuti sei rimwe remapoka emotokari ane simba rakasarudza kudzika nemugwagwa uri nyore. Sezvandambotaura, pasina SCR hazvigoneke kusangana neNOx zviyero muUS. Volkswagen yakataura muna 2008 kuti yayo 2.0 TDI yaisada iyo yekuwedzera midziyo kuti iite maererano nemitemo iripo. Uye homologation bvunzo dzakaratidza.Kusashandisa iyi sisitimu yakabvumira Volkswagen kuti ipindure panguva yakakodzera neimwe "yegirini" imwe nzira yekubudirira kweToyota Prius hybrid, uye, mukuita izvi, yakachengetedza inenge € 300 pamotokari yakagadzirwa. Mukuzviparadzanisa nevamwe, asi kuwedzera ne482,000 mota dzinotengeswa neinjini iyi muUS, zvinoreva mari inosvika 144,600,000 miriyoni euros.
Sarudzo yakatorwa neVolkswagen inogona kururamiswa, muchidimbu, nekusakwanisa kutevedzera zvinodiwa uye panguva imwe chete kusangana nemitengo yemukati. Mari yakachengetwa inoita seisina kukosha kunhamba dzakatoziviswa kuti dzivhare kukuvara kwakakonzerwa. Iyo 6.5 bhiriyoni euros yakatoiswa parutivi uye, kunyangwe zvakadaro, inogona kuratidza kuti haina kukwana, mushure mekubhadharwa kwefaindi, mari yemutemo nekuda kwekuwedzera kwenhamba yemhosva kune boka, uye zvingangoitika kuunganidza mabasa emotokari dzakabatwa.
Musanganiswa we… kuburitswa
Kubiridzira kweVolkswagen kwakatora chikamu chepasi rose uye zvinoshamisa pazvakazivikanwa kuti injini dzinosvika miriyoni gumi neimwe dzinogona kugadzirwa zvechitsotsi. Zvese zvakapinzwa mubvunzo, kubva pamakakatanwa akapoteredza kushandiswa kwakaziviswa uye kuburitsa, kune dhiziri pachayo uye hutsotsi hunogona kuitwa nevamwe vagadziri. CO2 yakasanganiswa neNOx, kunyangwe kutya kubhadhara yakawanda IUC.
Chokutanga pane zvose, motokari dzine mhuri iyi yeinjini, EA189 - yakatsiviwa neEA288, iyo inoenderana neEuro 6 -, inosanganisira 1.2, 1.6 uye 2.0 injini, hairatidze matambudziko ekushanda kana kukanganisa kuchengetedzwa kwevanogara. Kana iwe uri mumwe weavo vane Volkswagen, Audi, Seat kana Skoda modhi ine injini kubva kumhuri iyi, mota yako inoshanda sezvakangoita kare. Migumisiro yekufambisa kweVolkswagen inogona kuva nemigumisiro pamutengo wekutengesa, uye, sezvakatoitika kune dzimwe nyika, kune kurambidzwa kunobudirira kwekutengeswa kwemotokari idzi kusvikira kumwe kujekeswa kana kushanda kwekuunganidza kwapiwa.
Tevere, ngatirege kuisa CO2 uye NOx emissions muhumwe. CO2 emissions, izvo zvinangwa zvakatemerwa kuti vavaki vabudirire, ndidzo chete dzinobhadhariswa mutero nehurumende dzakasiyana-siyana. Kwete iyo NOx, zvirinani izvozvi. Kutya kwekuwedzera kweIUC kubhadhara kwemamodhi akakanganisika hakuna hwaro zvachose.
Mabatirwo ebvunzo dzekuburitsa mweya neVolkswagen hazvireve kukosha chaiko kweCO2 yakabudiswa pamusoro peyakashambadzirwa. Muchokwadi, zvakapesana zvinowanzoitika. Kugovera neSCR, mhinduro yekuchengetedza NOx emissions mukati mezviyero ingave yekudzikamisa injini kuita, uchishandisa yakawedzera chiito cheEGR, yakaderera turbo pressure uye chero imwe chiyero inodzikisa tembiricha mukati mekamuri yekupisa. Matanho aive chaiwo ayo akatorwa kuvharidzira bvunzo dzekuburitsa muUSA.
Sezvineiwo, iyo yakashata mhedzisiro ingangodaro kuwedzera kwe CO2 emissions uye kushandiswa, pamwe nekuderera kwekuita. Chimwe chinhu chinogona kubvisa kukwezva kwekutengesa kwedhiziri "yakachena" mumusika weAmerica, sechinyakare isina hunyanzvi pahunyanzvi uhu. Mune mamwe mazwi, kana paine oparesheni yekuunganidza mota dzakakanganisika kuti dziite zvinoenderana neyakatemerwa paramita, zvinogoneka zvinokonzeresa ndezvekuti mota inononoka uye inodhura.
Asi parizvino ingori fungidziro, ipfungwa yakanaka kumirira zviziviso zveVolkswagen uye kunzwisisa kuti ndeapi matanho achatorwa.
Hutsotsi hwaive muUS. Saka chii chinokurukurwa muEurope?
Hurukuro yakasimudzwa muEurope yakatanga nekuburitswa, kwete kubva kuVolkswagen chete asiwo kubva kune vamwe vagadziri, uye nyaya yacho yakaguma yasiyana kune iri kukura mutsauko pakati pe CO2 emissions, yakaziviswa kushandiswa uye izvo zvinonyatso simbiswa mumamiriro ezvinhu chaiwo. Hurukuro ine zvishoma kana isina chekuita nekutevedzera NOx emissions kana hutsotsi.
Volkswagen yakanyengedza masangano eAmerica nezve NOx emissions, zvichiita kuti ione kushandiswa kwakaderera uye CO2 emissions. Asi kunyange Volkswagen haina kukwanisa kutaura kana mudziyo wacho wakabatidzwa mukuita homologation kuEuropean kondinendi, nekuda kwekusiyana kuripo mumhuri yeEA189.
Kune akati wandei anotamiswa ane mazinga emagetsi akasiyana mune imwe neimwe yazvo, uye anogona kuenzaniswa nemhando dzakasiyana dzekutapurirana, saka activation yemudziyo mukuyedzwa kwekubuda kwemhepo mune mamwe akasiyana anogona kunge asina kuitika nekuda kwekusiyana kwakasiyana. Kuvhiringidzika uku pakati pekubiridzira kwakaitwa, NOx neCO2, yakashambadzirwa uye kushandiswa chaiko, kwakagadzirwa nevezvenhau uye kunyange masangano ehurumende, kwakaunza kufungirana kwakawedzera kune vavaki.
Pane zvidzidzo zvakati wandei zvakaratidzwa mumakore achangopfuura, chekupedzisira chakapihwa svondo chinyowani chisati chaputika, izvo zvinoratidza mutsauko urikura pakati pehunhu hwekushandisa uye CO2 emissions yakaziviswa uye iyo yakasimbiswa munzira, nemisiyano. kusvika 60% mune dzimwe nguva. Nekudaro, zvidzidzo izvi zvinowedzera kuburitsa pachena mapundu eNEDC (New European Driving Cycle), bvunzo uko ukoshi hwekushandisa uye CO2 emissions yatinoziva uye kutengesa kwatiri inowanikwa.
Kutenderera uku kwakave nekuvandudzwa kwayo kwekupedzisira muna 1997, uye inobvumira kutevedzana kwemaitiro nemanomano ayo, kunyangwe ari pamutemo, anobvumira kuratidzwa kwechiitiko chakanyanya "girinhi" pane chaiyo. Tinogona kuvashora kubva pamaonero ehutsika uye ehutsika, pakuzivisa kudyiwa kweutopian uye kubuda, uye kushambadzira zvisina nyadzi mupiro wavo kune ramangwana rakachena, asi, zviri pamutemo, hapana chitsotsi. Zvechokwadi tinoda mitemo iri nani!
NEDC inofanira kutsiviwa neWLTP (Worldwide harmonized Light cars Test Procedures), iyo ichaita chiyero pakati peEurope, Japan neIndia uye inofanira kuva pedyo nechokwadi. Iko kunyomba kweVolkswagen saka hakugone kungomhanyisa kuunzwa kwebvunzo nyowani iyi, asiwo kuomesera matanho ane chekuita nazvo. Asi iyi ihurukuro yakasiyana.
Nyaya huru yakakurukurwa yaiva kuzvipira kwekubiridzira kwemakore neVolkswagen, kunyengedza vatongi, vatengi uye kunyange vakwikwidzi. Haina kungobatsira chete kubva pachiyero ichi, kwaivewo makwikwi asina kunaka.
Semuenzaniso, Honda naNissan vaivewo nehurongwa hwekuunza injini dzedhiziri dzinodhura, vakwikwidzi veVolkswagen's 2.0 muUS, asi vakasiya zvavaida. Zvikonzero, zvinogona kuoneka zvakajeka ikozvino, zvakare zvakafanana izvo zvakatungamira Mazda kumisikidza, kwemakore maviri, kuiswa kweiyo Skyactiv injini yedhiziri mumusika weAmerica.
Tinovimba nechinyorwa ichi (kureba kupfuura zvataida) chave chakabatsira mukubvisa hunhu hwezviri kuitika kwete kuVolkswagen chete, asi muindasitiri yese yemotokari.