Iinjini ezintathu-cylinder. Akukho namnye umntu ongaziphakamisi iimpumlo zakhe xa kufikwa kwiinjini ze-cylinder ezintathu.
Sive phantse yonke into ngabo: “Uthenga imoto ene-injini yamasilinda amathathu? Ungaze!"; “Ziingxaki nje ezi”; "hamba kancinci kwaye uchithe kakhulu". Le yisampuli nje encinci yokucalucalulwa okunxulumene nolu lwakhiwo.
Ezinye ziyinyani, ezinye aziyonyani, kwaye ezinye ziintsomi nje. Eli nqaku lijonge ukubeka yonke into «kwizitya ezicocekileyo».
Ngaba ii-injini ezine-cylinder ezintathu zinokuthenjwa? Ngapha koko, ngaba zilungile okanye azilungelanga nto?
Ngaphandle kodumo olubi lolwakhiwo, ukuziphendukela kwezobuchwepheshe kwiinjini zokutsha kwenze ukuba izinto ezingeloncedo zibonakale kancinci. Ngaba ukusebenza, ukusetyenziswa, ukuthembeka kunye nokuqhuba okumnandi kuseyingxaki?
Kwimigca embalwa elandelayo siza kuqokelela iinyani kunye namanani malunga nezi njini. Kodwa masiqale ekuqaleni ...
Iisilinda ezintathu zokuqala
Iisilinda ezintathu zokuqala kwimarike zasifikelela ngesandla samaJapan, nangona ngendlela eyoyikisayo. Uneentloni kodwa uzele amandla. Ngubani ongayikhumbuliyo iDaihatsu Charade GTti? Emva koku, kwalandela ezinye iimodeli zembonakalo encinci.
Imveliso yokuqala enkulu yaseYurophu iinjini ze-cylinder ezintathu zavela kuphela kwiminyaka ye-1990. Ndithetha nge-injini ye-Ecotec ye-1.0 evela kwa-Opel, eyayiqhuba i-Corsa B, kwaye kwiminyaka embalwa kamva, i-injini ye-1.2 MPI evela kwiQela leVolkswagen, eyixhobisa iimodeli ezifana neVolkswagen Polo IV.
Zazifana ngantoni ezi njini? Babebuthathaka. Xa kuthelekiswa noogxa babo abane-cylinder, bangcangcazela ngakumbi, bahamba kancinci kwaye batyiwa ngumlinganiselo ofanayo.
Kwalandela iinjini zedizili ezinezisilinda ezintathu, ezinengxaki ezifanayo, kodwa zandiswa bume bomjikelo weDizili. Ukulungiswa kwaba buthathaka, kwaye ukuthandeka kokuqhuba kwakuphazamisekile.
Ukuba songeza eminye imiba yokuthembeka koku, besinesiphango esigqibeleleyo sokudala ukuchaswa kolu lwakhiwo luhlala kude kube namhlanje.
Iingxaki ngeenjini ze-cylinder ezintathu?
Kutheni ii-injini ezine-cylinder ezintathu zingacocwa kancinci? Lo ngumbuzo omkhulu. Kwaye ngumbuzo onxulumene nokungalingani okukhoyo kuyilo lwayo.Njengoko ezi njini zixhotyiswe ngenani elingaqhelekanga leesilinda, kukho i-asymmetry ekuhanjisweni kobuninzi kunye nemikhosi, okwenza ukuba ibhalansi yabo yangaphakathi ibe nzima ngakumbi. Njengoko uyazi, umjikelezo weenjini ze-4-stroke (ukungena, ukunyanzeliswa, ukutshisa kunye nokukhupha) kufuna ukujikeleza kwe-crankshaft ye-720 degrees, ngamanye amazwi, ukujika okubili okupheleleyo.
Kwi-injini ye-cylinder ezine, kuhlala kukho i-cylinder enye kumjikelezo wokutsha, ukubonelela ngomsebenzi wokuhambisa. Kwii-injini ezintathu-cylinder oku akwenzeki.
Ukujongana nale nto, iibrendi zongeza ii-crankshaft counterweights, okanye ii-flywheels ezinkulu ukulwa nokungcangcazela. Kodwa kwii-revs ezisezantsi phantse akunakwenzeka ukufihla ukungalingani kwakho kwendalo.
Ngokubhekiselele kwisandi esiphuma kwi-exhaust, njengoko zisilela ukutsha rhoqo kwii-720 degrees, zikwancinci.
Ziziphi iingenelo zeenjini ze-cylinder ezintathu?
Kulungile, ngoku njengoko silazi "icala elimnyama" leenjini ze-cylinder ezintathu, masiqwalasele kwizinto eziluncedo zazo - nangona uninzi lwazo lunokuba luthiyori.
Esona sizathu sisisiseko sokwamkelwa kolu yilo lwezakhiwo sinxulumene nokunciphisa ukungqubana koomatshini. Amalungu amancinci ahambayo, amandla amancinci achithwa.
Xa kuthelekiswa ne-injini ye-cylinder emine, i-injini ye-cylinder emithathu inciphisa ukukhuhlana koomatshini ukuya kuma-25%.
Ukuba sithatha ingqalelo ukuba phakathi kwe-4 ukuya kwi-15% yokusetyenziswa kunokuchazwa kuphela ngokuxutywa komatshini, nantsi inzuzo yethu. Kodwa asiyiyo yodwa.
Ukususa i-cylinder kwenza ii-injini zihlangane kwaye zibe khaphukhaphu. Ngeenjini ezincinci, iinjineli zinenkululeko ethe kratya yokuyila ulwakhiwo olucwangcisiweyo lokuguqulwa okanye ukwenza indawo yokongeza izisombululo ezixutyiweyo.
Iindleko zemveliso nazo zisenokuba ngaphantsi. Ukwabelana ngamacandelo phakathi kweenjini kuyinyani kuzo zonke iimpawu, kodwa enye yeyona nto inomdla kakhulu yi-BMW, kunye noyilo lwemodyuli. Iinjini zeBMW ezintathu-cylinder (1.5), ezine-cylinder (2.0) nezintandathu (3.0) zabelana ngezinto ezininzi.
I-brand yaseBavaria yongeza iimodyuli (funda iisilinda) ngokubhekiselele kwi-architecture efunwayo, kunye nemodyuli nganye ilinganisa i-500 cm3. Le vidiyo ikubonisa indlela yokwenza:
Ezi zibonelelo, zonke zongeziweyo, zivumela ii-injini ze-cylinder ezintathu ukuba zibhengeze ukusetyenziswa okuphantsi kunye ne-emissions kunezo ezilinganayo ezine-cylinder ezine, ngakumbi kwi-NEDC yangaphambili yokusetyenziswa kunye ne-emission protocol.
Nangona kunjalo, xa iimvavanyo zisenziwa ngokwemigaqo efunwa kakhulu efana ne-WLTP, kulawulo oluphezulu, inzuzo ayibonakali kangako. Sesinye sezizathu ezenza ukuba iibrendi ezifana neMazda zingabheneli kolu lwakhiwo.
Iinjini zanamhlanje ezinesilinda ezintathu
Ukuba kwimithwalo ephezulu (i-revs ephezulu), umahluko phakathi kweenjini ze-tetracylinder kunye neenjini ze-tricylindrical azibonakali, kwiinkqubo eziphantsi kunye neziphakathi, iinjini zanamhlanje ezine-cylinder ezintathu ezine-injection ngqo kunye ne-turbo ifezekisa ukusetyenziswa okunomdla kakhulu kunye nokukhutshwa.Thatha umzekelo wenjini yakwaFord eyi-1.0 EcoBoost — eyona njini iwongwe kakhulu kudidi lwayo — ekwazile ukufikelela kumyinge ongaphantsi kwe-5 l/100 km ukuba ixhala lethu kukusebenzisa amafutha kuphela, kwaye xa uqhuba ngokukhululekileyo, ayigqithi ngaphaya kwe-6. l/100 km.
Amaxabiso anyukela kumanani ngaphezulu kwalawo akhankanyiweyo xa umbono “kukucudisa” onke amandla awo ngaphandle kokunyenyiswa.
Okukhona isantya siphezulu, kokukhona inzuzo yeenjini ezine-cylinder ziphela. Ngoba? Kuba ngamagumbi amancinci anjalo okutsha, ulawulo lwe-injini yombane luyalela iinaliti ezongezelelweyo zepetroli ukupholisa igumbi lokutsha kwaye ngaloo ndlela kuthintelwe ukudutyulwa kwangaphambili komxube. Yiyo i, Ipetroli isetyenziselwa ukupholisa injini.
Ngaba ii-injini ezine-cylinder ezintathu zinokuthenjwa?
Ngaphandle kodumo olubi lolwakhiwo-oluthi, njengoko sibonile, lutyala kakhulu kwixesha lalo elidlulileyo kunelo langoku - namhlanje luthembekile njengayo nayiphi na enye injini. Vumela "igorha lethu elincinci" litsho njalo...
Olu phuculo lubangelwa yinkqubela phambili eyenziweyo ekwakhiweni kweenjini kule minyaka ilishumi idlulileyo ngokwemigaqo: iteknoloji (i-turbo kunye nenaliti), izinto (i-alloys zensimbi) kunye nokugqiba (unyango oluchasene ne-friction).
Nangona ingeyiyo injini ye-cylinder ezintathu , lo mfanekiso ubonisa iteknoloji esetyenziswa kwiinjini zangoku:
Ungafumana amandla amaninzi nangaphezulu kwiiyunithi ezinomthamo omncinci nangaphantsi.
Kulo mzuzu wangoku kwishishini leemoto, ngaphezu kokuthembeka kwee-injini, zi-peripherals ezisengozini. I-Turbos, izinzwa ezahlukeneyo kunye neenkqubo zombane ziphantsi komsebenzi apho oomatshini namhlanje abasenangxaki yokulandela.
Ngoko kwixesha elizayo xa uxelelwa ukuba ii-injini ze-cylinder ezintathu azithembekanga, unokuphendula: “zithembeke njengazo naziphi na ezinye izakhiwo”.
Ngoku lithuba lakho. Sixelele ngamava akho ngeenjini ze-cylinder ezintathu, sishiye uluvo!