Iinkolelo zoyika inani eli-13, amaTshayina inani lesi-4, inkolo yobuKristu inani lama-666, kodwa elona nani loyikwa kakhulu kwishishini leenqwelo-mafutha limele libe ngama-95. Linani elihambelana ne-avareji ye-CO2 ekhutshwayo ekufuneka ifike ngo-2021 eYurophu: 95 g/km . Kwaye ikwalinani, ngee-euro, lentlawulo ekufuneka ihlawulwe ngemoto nganye kunye negrama nganye engaphezulu kwebekiweyo kwimeko yokungathotyelwa.
Mikhulu kakhulu imingeni ekufuneka yoyiswe. Kulo nyaka (2020) i-95 g / km ekujoliswe kuyo kuya kufuneka ifikelelwe kwi-95% yokuthengiswa kwayo yonke imida yayo - i-5% eseleyo ishiywe ngaphandle kwezibalo. Ngo-2021, i-95 g/km kuya kufuneka ifikelelwe kuzo zonke iintengiso.
Kwenzeka ntoni ukuba abafikeleli kwiinjongo ezicetywayo?
Izohlwayo… izohlwayo ezinzima kakhulu. Njengoko kukhankanyiwe, ii-euro ezingama-95 ngegram nganye eyongezelelweyo kunye nemoto nganye ethengisiweyo. Ngamanye amazwi, nokuba bangaphezulu kwe-1 g/km ngaphezulu kokuchaziweyo, kwaye bathengise izithuthi ezisisigidi ngonyaka eYurophu, yi-95 yezigidi zee-euro kwisohlwayo - uqikelelo, nangona kunjalo, lubonisa ukungathotyelwa okuphezulu kakhulu.
iinjongo ezahlukeneyo
Ngaphandle kokujoliswe kuko kwihlabathi jikelele yi-95 g/km ye-avareji ye-CO2 ekhutshwayo, umenzi ngamnye unenjongo ethile yokuphumeza, ngexabiso elixhomekeke kubunzima obuqhelekileyo (kg) boluhlu lwabo lwezithuthi.Bhalisa kwincwadana yethu
Umzekelo, i-FCA (i-Fiat, i-Alfa Romeo, i-Jeep, njl ...) ithengisa ubukhulu becala iimoto ezixineneyo nezilula, ngoko ke kuya kufuneka ukuba ifikelele kwi-91 g/km; I-Daimler (i-Mercedes kunye ne-Smart), ethengisa kakhulu izithuthi ezinkulu kunye nobunzima, kuya kufuneka ifikelele kwithagethi ye-102 g/km.
Kukho abanye abavelisi abaneentengiso ezingaphantsi kwama-300,000 eeyunithi ngonyaka eYurophu eziya kugutyungelwa lukhululo olwahlukeneyo kunye nokujongelwa phantsi, njengeHonda kunye neJaguar Land Rover. Ngamanye amazwi, abayi kunyanzeleka ukuba bafikelele usukelo lwabo lomntu ngamnye. Nangona kunjalo, kukho imephu yokunciphisa ukukhutshwa kwabavelisi abavunyelweneyo kunye nemibutho elawulayo (EC) - oku kukhululwa kunye nokuthotywa kuya kupheliswa ngo-2028.
Imingeni
Kungakhathaliseki ukuba ixabiso eliza kuphunyezwa ngumakhi ngamnye, umsebenzi awuyi kuba lula kuwo nawuphi na kubo. Ukususela ngo-2016, ukukhutshwa kwe-CO2 yeemoto ezintsha ezithengiswayo eYurophu akuyekanga ukunyuka: kwi-2016 bafikelele ubuncinane be-117.8 g / km, ngo-2017 banyuka kwi-118.1 g / km kwaye ngo-2018 banyuka baya kwi-120, 5 g / km - idatha ye-2019 ayinanto, kodwa ayithandeki.
Ngoku, ngo-2021 kuya kufuneka behle nge-25 g/km, umwonyo omkhulu. Kwenzeka ntoni kwi-emissions ukuba iqalise ukunyuka emva kweminyaka kunye neminyaka yokuhla?
Eyona nto iphambili, iDieselgate. Umphumo ophambili we-scandal ye-emissions yayikukwehla okubukhali ekuthengisweni kweemoto ezineenjini ze-diesel eYurophu - ngo-2011 isabelo safikelela kwincopho ye-56%, ngo-2017 yayiyi-44%, ngo-2018 yehla ukuya kwi-36%, kwaye ngo-2019. , yayimalunga ne-31%.
Abavelisi bathembele kwi-teknoloji ye-Diesel - iinjini ezisebenzayo, ngoko ke ukusetyenziswa okuncinci kunye nokukhutshwa kwe-CO2 - ukufikelela ngokulula ngakumbi kwinjongo ye-ambitious ye-95 g / km.
Ngokuchasene noko kuya kunqweneleka, "umngxuma" oshiywe yi-drop in Diesel sales ayizange ihlalwe ngumbane okanye i-hybrids, kodwa yi-injini yepetroli, ekuthengisweni kwayo kwenyuka kakhulu (yiyona ndlela ithengiswa kakhulu ye-injini eYurophu). Nangona ziye zavela kubuchwepheshe, inyaniso kukuba azisebenzi njengedizili, zisebenzisa ngakumbi kwaye, ngokudonsa, zikhupha i-CO2 eninzi.
Enye yezinye izinto ibizwa ngokuba yiSUV. Kule minyaka ilishumi iphelileyo ngoku, siyibonile i-SUV ifika, yabona kwaye iphumelele. Zonke ezinye ii-typologies zabona ukuthengiswa kwazo kwehla, kwaye kunye nezabelo ze-SUV (ezisekhona) zikhula, ukukhutshwa kunokunyuka kuphela. Akunakwenzeka ukujikeleza kwimithetho yefiziksi - i-SUV / CUV iya kuhlala imosha kakhulu (ngaloo ndlela i-CO2 ingaphezulu) kunemoto elinganayo, njengoko iya kuhlala inzima kunye ne-aerodynamics embi kakhulu.
Enye inkalo ibonisa ukuba umndilili weemoto ezithengiswayo eYurophu awukayeki ukukhula. Phakathi kwe-2000 kunye ne-2016, ukunyuka kwaba yi-124 kg - elingana noqikelelo lwe-10 g / km ngaphezulu kumyinge we-CO2. “Zibeke ityala” kumanqanaba akhulayo okhuseleko nentuthuzelo yemoto, kunye nokukhetha iiSUV ezinkulu nezinzima.
Indlela yokuhlangabezana neenjongo?
Akumangalisi ukuba sibone ezininzi i-plug-in kunye nee-hybrids zombane zityhilwa kwaye ziqaliswe - kunye ne-mild-hybrids zibalulekile kubakhi; Kusenokubakho iigram ezimbalwa ozisikileyo kuvavanyo lomjikelo we-WLTP, kodwa zonke ziyabala.
Nangona kunjalo, iya kuba yi-plug-in hybrids kunye nombane obalulekileyo kwi-95 g / km injongo. I-EC yenza inkqubo "yeekhredithi eziphezulu" ukukhuthaza ukuthengiswa kwezithuthi ezinokukhutshwa okuphantsi kakhulu (ngaphantsi kwe-50 g / km) okanye ukukhutshwa kwe-zero ngabavelisi.
Ngaloo ndlela, ngo-2020, ukuthengiswa kweplagi-in okanye iyunithi ye-hybrid yombane iya kubalwa njengeeyunithi ezimbini zokubala ukukhutshwa. Kwi-2021 eli xabiso lehla kwiimoto ze-1.67 kwiyunithi nganye ethengisiweyo kwaye kwi-2022 ukuya kwi-1.33. Nangona kunjalo, kukho umda kwiinzuzo "zeekhredithi eziphezulu" kwiminyaka emithathu ezayo, eya kuba yi-7.5 g / km ye-CO2 ekhutshwa ngumenzi ngamnye.
Ngala "iikhredithi eziphezulu" ezisetyenziselwa i-plug-in kunye nee-hybrids zombane - kuphela ezo zifikelela ukukhutshwa ngaphantsi kwe-50 g / km - isizathu esona sizathu sokuba abaninzi abakhi banqume ukuqala ukuthengisa ezi kuphela ngo-2020, nangona imimiselo kwaye yaze yaqhutywa ngo-2019. Nakuphi na kunye nazo zonke iintengiso zolu hlobo lwesithuthi ziya kubaluleka.
Nangona ubuninzi beziphakamiso zombane kunye nombane we-2020 kunye neminyaka elandelayo, kwaye nokuba bathengisa ngamanani ayimfuneko ukuphepha iintlawulo, ukulahlekelwa okukhulu kwenzuzo kubakhi kulindeleke. Ngoba? Itekhnoloji yombane iyabiza, ibiza kakhulu.
Iindleko zokuthobela kunye nezohlwayo
Iindleko zokuthobela, ezingabandakanyi kuphela ukulungelelaniswa kweenjini zokutsha zangaphakathi kwimigangatho yokukhupha, kodwa kunye nokunyuka kwabo kombane, kuya kufikelela kwi-7.8 yezigidigidi zee-euro ngo-2021. Kuqikelelwa ukuba ixabiso lezohlwayo liya kufikelela kwi-4, i-9 billion ye-euro kwangonyaka ofanayo. Ukuba abakhi abenzi nto ukufikelela kwinqanaba le-95 g / km, ixabiso leentlawulo liya kuba malunga ne-25 billion ye-euro ngonyaka.
Amanani acacile: i-mild-hybrid (5-11% ngaphantsi kwi-CO2 emissions xa kuthelekiswa nemoto eqhelekileyo) yongeza phakathi kwe-500 kunye ne-1000 ye-euro kwiindleko zokuvelisa imoto. Ii-Hybrids (i-23-34% ngaphantsi kwi-CO2) yongeza phakathi kwe-3000 ukuya kwi-5000 ye-euro, ngelixa umbane ubiza i-9,000-11,000 ye-euro eyongezelelweyo.
Ukuze ubeke i-hybrids kunye nombane ngamanani aneleyo kwimarike, kwaye ungadlulisi iindleko ezongezelelweyo kumthengi ngokupheleleyo, sinokubona ezininzi zazo zithengiswa ngexabiso lexabiso (akukho nzuzo kumakhi) okanye nangaphantsi kweli xabiso, ngelahleko kumakhi. Eyona nto inomdla kakhulu kukuba, nokuba ukuthengisa ngelahleko, inokuba yeyona ndlela isebenzayo yezoqoqosho kumakhi, xa kuthelekiswa nexabiso elinokufikelela kwiifayini - siya kuba kanye apho ...
Enye indlela yokuhlangabezana namabhongo angama-95 g/km kukwabelana ngezinto ezikhutshwayo nomnye umenzi okwimeko engcono yokuhlangabezana nayo. I-paradigmatic case yi-FCA, eya kuhlawula i-Tesla, kuthiwa, i-euro eyi-1,8 yezigidigidi ukwenzela ukuba ukuthengiswa kwezithuthi zayo - ukukhutshwa kwe-CO2 kulingane ne-zero, njengoko bathengisa kuphela umbane - kubalwa ngokubhekiselele kwizibalo zayo. Iqela sele libhengeze ukuba linyathelo lethutyana; ngo-2022 kufuneka ikwazi ukuhlangabezana neenjongo zayo ngaphandle koncedo lukaTesla.
Ngaba baya kukwazi ukufikelela kwithagethi ye-95 g/km?
Hayi, ngokweengxelo ezininzi ezipapashwe ngabahlalutyi - kuqikelelwa ukuba, ngokubanzi, ukukhutshwa kwe-CO2 kwi-2021 kuya kuba yi-5 g / km ngaphezu kwe-95 g / km echazwe, oko kukuthi, kwi-100 g / km km. Oko kukuthi, nangona kufuneka ujongane neendleko eziphezulu zokuthobela, kusenokwanela.
Ngokwengxelo ye-Ultima Media, i-FCA, i-BMW, i-Daimler, i-Ford, i-Hyundai-Kia, i-PSA kunye neQela leVolkswagen ngabakhi abasengozini yokuhlawula iintlawulo kwi-2020-2021. I-Renault-Nissan-Mitsubishi Alliance, iVolvo kunye neToyota-Mazda (ezithe zadibana ukubala ukukhutshwa kwezinto ezikhutshwayo) kufuneka zifezekise injongo ebekiweyo.
I-FCA, kunye nombutho kunye noTesla, liqela lemoto elinowona mngcipheko mkhulu, ohambelana nelinye lawona maxabiso aphezulu kwizohlwayo, malunga ne-900 yezigidi zee-euro ngonyaka. Kuhlala kubonakala ukuba ukudibanisa kunye ne-PSA kuya kuchaphazela njani ukubalwa kokukhutshwa kwazo zombini kwixesha elizayo - nangona ukudibanisa okubhengeziweyo, akukabikho.
I-Razão Automóvel iyaqonda ukuba, kwimeko ye-PSA, ukubeka esweni ukukhutshwa kweemoto ezintsha ezithengiswayo kuqhutyelwa imihla ngemihla, ilizwe ngelizwe, kwaye lixelelwe "kwinkampani yomzali" ukuphepha ukukhukuliseka ekubaleni konyaka wokukhutshwa.
Kwimeko yeQela leVolkswagen, iingozi nazo ziphezulu. Kwi-2020, ixabiso lentlawulo kulindeleke ukuba lifike kwi-376 yezigidi ze-euro, kunye ne-1.881 yezigidigidi kwi-2021 (!).
Iziphumo
Umyinge wokukhutshwa kwe-CO2 ye-95 g / km iYurophu ifuna ukuyifumana - enye yezona xabiso liphantsi ekufuneka liphunyezwe lishishini lemoto kulo lonke iplanethi - liya kuba nemiphumo ngokwemvelo. Nangona kukho ukukhanya okuqaqambileyo ekupheleni kwetonela emva kweli xesha lokutshintshela kwinto entsha yemoto, ukuwela kuya kuba nzima kulo lonke ishishini.
Ukuqala ngenzuzo yabakhi abasebenza kwiimarike zaseYurophu, ezithembisa ukuhla kakhulu kwiminyaka emibini ezayo, kungekhona nje ngenxa yeendleko eziphezulu zokuthotyelwa (utyalo-mali olukhulu) kunye neentlawulo ezinokubakho; Ukuncipha kweemarike eziphambili zehlabathi, iYurophu, i-USA kunye ne-China, kulindeleke kwiminyaka ezayo.
Njengoko besesitshilo ngaphambili, ukujika kokufakelwa kombane kukwangoyena nobangela wokukhutshwa kwe-80,000 esele kubhengezwe - sinokongeza ukukhutshwa kwe-4100 okutsha nje kubhengezwe yi-Opel yaseJamani.
I-EC, ngokufuna ukukhokela ekunciphiseni ukukhutshwa kwe-CO2 kwiimoto (kunye neenqwelo zorhwebo) kwakhona yenza ukuba imarike yaseYurophu ingabi nomtsalane kubavelisi - kwakungekho nto eyenzekayo ukuba i-General Motors inikezele ubukho bayo eYurophu xa ithengisa i-Opel.
Kwaye singabalibali abahlali basezidolophini, abanokuthi (uninzi lwabo) banokukhutshelwa ngaphandle kwentengiso ngenxa yeendleko eziphezulu zokuthobela - nokuba babenze babe mbi, njengoko sesibonile, banokongeza amakhulu amakhulu eeuro kwiindleko imveliso ngobunye. Ukuba iFiat, inkokeli engathandabuzekiyo yecandelo, icinga ngokushiya icandelo lifuduka imodeli yalo ukusuka kwicandelo A ukuya kwicandelo B… kulungile, kuphelele apho.
Kulula ukubona ukuba kutheni inani lama-95 kufuneka libe lelona loyikwa kakhulu lishishini leemoto kwiminyaka ezayo… Kodwa iya kuba yethutyana. Ngo-2030 sele kukho inqanaba elitsha le-CO2 ekhutshwayo ekufuneka ifikelelwe lishishini leemoto eYurophu: 72 g/km.