Kungcono ukuqala ekuqaleni. Sukuba nexhala, masingabuyeli emva kowe-1893, unyaka apho uRudolf Diesel wafumana ilungelo elilodwa lomenzi wechiza lenjini yakhe yokuxina-ekwaziwa ngokuba yinjini yedizili.
Ukuqonda ukunyuka nokuwa kweenjini zedizili kushishino lweemoto, kufuneka sihambe inkulungwane, ngokuchanekileyo ukuya kwi-1997, xa iSivumelwano saseKyoto sigqityiwe. Esi sivumelwano apho amazwe ahambele phambili kwezoshishino avumile ukunciphisa ukukhutshwa kweCO2 yonyaka.
Ngokomyinge, amazwe atyebileyo kufuneka anciphise ukukhutshwa kwe-CO2 nge-8% kwisithuba seminyaka eyi-15 - usebenzisa ukukhutshwa okulinganiswa ngo-1990 njengomlinganiselo.
Ukunyuka...
Ngokuqikelelwayo, izithuthi ngokubanzi kunye neemoto ngokukodwa ziya kufuneka zibe negalelo kolu kuncipha. Kodwa ukuba abavelisi baseJapan nabaseMelika banikezela ngezibonelelo kuphuhliso lweemoto ezixubeneyo kunye nombane, eYurophu, enkosi nakwindawo yokwamkela abavelisi baseJamani, babheja itekhnoloji yedizili - yayiyeyona ndlela ikhawulezayo nefikelelekayo yokufezekisa ezi njongo.
USimon Birkett, umlawuli weqela leClean Air LondonYayingumyalelo wokutshintshela kwiDizili. Iinqwelo zeemoto zaseYurophu zatshintshwa ukusuka ekubeni yipetroli ukuya ekubeni ikakhulu yidizili. I-UK, kunye neJamani, iFransi kunye ne-Italiya, banike inkxaso kunye "nesweeteners" ukucenga abavelisi beemoto kunye noluntu ukuba bathenge i-Diesel.
Ngaphezu koko, i-injini ye-Diesel yenza i-teknoloji ebalulekileyo ngexesha le-80 kunye ne-90, eyanceda indima ephambili njengomdlali wokunciphisa ukukhutshwa kwe-CO2 - i-Fiat iya kwenza igalelo eliqinisekileyo ekwenzeni i-Diesel enye indlela esebenzayo.
I-injini ye-diesel, ngenxa yokusebenza kwayo okukhulu, iveliswe, ngokomyinge, i-15% ngaphantsi kwe-CO2 kune-injini ye-Otto - eyona injini ixhaphake ngokutshiswa ngokutshisa. Kodwa ngakolunye uhlangothi, bakhupha ukungcola okukhulu njenge-nitrogen dioxide (NO2) kunye namasuntswana ayingozi - amaxesha amane kunye namaxesha e-22 ngaphezulu, ngokulandelanayo - echaphazela kakhulu impilo yabantu, ngokungafaniyo ne-CO2. Ingxaki engazange ixoxwe ngokwaneleyo ngelo xesha - bekungekho kude kube yi-2012 ukuba i-WHO (i-World Health Organization) yachaza ukuba ukukhutshwa kweenjini ze-diesel kwakunomhlaza ebantwini.
Kude kube phakathi kwiminyaka yoo-1990, ukuthengiswa kweemoto zedizili kubalelwa ngaphezulu kwe-20% yetotali iyonke, kodwa emva kotshintsho oludityanisiweyo - lwezopolitiko kunye nobuchwepheshe - isabelo salo siya kunyuka sibe ngaphezulu kwesiqingatha semarike - ifikelele incopho yayo kuma-55.7% ngowama-2011 , eNtshona Yurophu.
... kunye nokuwa
Ukuba sinokubonisa i-Dieselgate (i-2015) njengomzuzu obalulekileyo ekuqaleni kokuphela, into eqinisekileyo kukuba i-Diesel yayisele isetyenzisiwe, nangona ukuhla kwenkqubela phambili kunoko sikubonayo ngoku kulindeleke.
U-Rinaldo Rinolfi, owayesakuba ngusekela mongameli we-Fiat Powertrain Research & Technology - uyise wetekhnoloji efana ne-common-rail okanye i-multiair - uthe, ihlazo okanye akukho hlazo, ukwehla kwe-Diesel kuya kufuneka kwenzeke ngenxa yokunyuka kweendleko zezi njini zokuthobela. imigangatho yokukhupha izinto ezingqongqo.
Ingqikelelo yakhe yayikukuba imfuno iya kuncipha emva kokuqaliswa kwe-Euro 6 kwi-2014, kwaye ekupheleni kweminyaka elishumi isabelo sayo siya kuncitshiswa sibe yi-40% yeemarike ezipheleleyo - kwi-2017 isabelo sehlile kwi-43.7%, kwaye kwi kwikota yokuqala 2018 kuphela 37,9%, sele kakuhle ngaphantsi Rinolfi uqikelelo, umkhwa ngokuqinisekileyo ikhawuleziswe Dieselgate.
Ngokubona iindleko ezihlala zinyuka zokuthobela, waxela kwangaphambili ukuba iinjini ze-Diesel ziza kufumaneka kuphela kumacandelo aphezulu, ezikwazi ukufunxa iindleko ezongezelelweyo zee-powertrains. Asikafiki kwelo nqanaba, kodwa sibone ukwanda kokuthengiswa kweenjini zepetroli ngendlela eyingozi kwidizili.
I-Dieselgate
NgoSeptemba ka-2015 kwabhengezwa esidlangalaleni ukuba iqela leVolkswagen lisebenzise isixhobo sobuchule kwi-injini yayo ye-2.0 TDI (EA189) e-US, ekwaziyo ukubona xa iphantsi kovavanyo lokukhutshwa, ukutshintshela kwenye imephu ye-elektroniki yolawulo lwenjini, ngaloo ndlela ithobela. nemida ekhutshwayo ebekiweyo. Kodwa xa isendleleni kwakhona, yabuyela kwimephu ye-elektroniki yasekuqaleni - inika ukusetyenziswa okungcono kwamafutha kunye nokusebenza.
Kutheni iqela leVolkswagen e-US lafumana isohlwayo esinzima kangaka - iindleko zehlabathi sele zifikelela kwi-€ 25 yezigidigidi - ngelixa eYurophu, ngaphezu kokuqokelela ngaphezu kwezigidi ezisibhozo zeemoto ezichaphazelekayo ukuze zilungiswe, akunjalo? Enyanisweni, i-US yayisele "itshisiwe".
Kwi-1998, iSebe lezoBulungisa lase-US egameni le-EPA (i-Arhente yoKhuseleko lweNdalo) yamangalela bonke abakhi beloli ye-diesel enkulu ukuba basebenzise izixhobo zokutshatyalaliswa kwiinjini zabo ezibangele ukukhutshwa okuphezulu - ngaphezu komda osemthethweni - i-NOx okanye i-nitrogen oxides.
Kwafuneka bahlawule ngaphezulu kwe-860 yezigidi zeeyuro. Ngokwemvelo, imithetho yatshintshwa ukuze "yivale yonke imingxuma" eyigcinayo. Umthetho waseYurophu, kwelinye icala, ngaphandle kokuthintela ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo ezoyiswayo, unemikhethe emininzi, eyenza ukuba umthetho ungabi namsebenzi.
EPortugal
Kuqikelelwa ukuba ePortugal kukho malunga ne-125,000 yezithuthi ezichatshazelwa yi-Dieselgate, kwaye i-IMT ifuna ukuba zonke zilungiswe. Isigqibo esiye sacelwa umngeni yi-DECO kunye nabanikazi abaninzi, emva kokuba kukho iimeko ezininzi ezichazwe malunga nefuthe elibi elithi ungenelelo kwiimoto ezichaphazelekayo.Nangona kunjalo, iPortugal ayikathathi izigqibo ezifana nezo sizibona kwizixeko ezininzi zaseYurophu kunye namazwe.
Iziphumo
Ngokuqinisekileyo, kungakhathaliseki ukuba sithini isigwebo, imiphumo yehlazo yayiza kuvakala kwishishini. Ngaphezu koko, xa iimvavanyo ezongezelelweyo kumhlaba waseYurophu zityhila ukuba yayingeyiyo nje iimodeli zeqela leVolkswagen ezazinokukhutshwa okungaphezulu komda kwiimeko zokwenyani.
IKhomishini yaseYurophu yatshintsha imigaqo yokuqinisekiswa kwezithuthi, kwaye xa kukho izitenxo, ngoku inamandla okuhlawula abavelisi ukuya kuma-euro angama-30,000 ngemoto nganye, ngendlela efanayo naleyo yayisele isebenza e-USA.
Kodwa mhlawumbi eyona ntshukumo ishushu ibe kukuyekiswa kweenjini zedizili kumaziko asezidolophini. Ukukhutshwa kwe-NOx ngokucacileyo kuthathelwe indawo isihloko sokukhutshwa kwe-CO2 kule ngxoxo . Besisoloko sinika ingxelo malunga nezicwangciso zokuvalwa - ezinye ziyinyani ngakumbi, ezinye zinomdla ngakumbi, kuxhomekeke kwixesha elibekiweyo - hayi nje iinjini zedizili, kodwa nazo zonke iinjini zokutsha.
Isigqibo seNkundla Ephakamileyo Yolawulo yaseLeipzig, eJamani, sanika izixeko zaseJamani amandla kwisigqibo sokuzivala okanye zokungazivaleli iinjini zedizili. I-Hamburg iya kuba sisixeko sokuqala ukuphumeza isicwangciso - ukuqala kule veki - esiya kuthintela ukujikeleza kwayo ngaphakathi kwemida yayo, nangona ngokuqhubekayo, ukuqala kweyona indala.
Ukuxhomekeka kwedizili
Ngokwemvelo, imfazwe yedizili esiyibonileyo yayinesiphumo esicacileyo sokuwa kwentengiso, ibeka abavelisi baseYurophu ebunzimeni. Akunjalo kwimbono yorhwebo, kodwa ukusuka kwindawo yokujonga ukuhlangabezana neethagethi zokunciphisa i-CO2 - iinjini ze-diesel kwaye zibalulekile ekuzifezeni. Ukususela ngo-2021 ukuya phambili, umyinge uya kufuneka ube yi-95 g/km (ixabiso liyahluka ngokwamaqela).
Ukuhla ngokukhawuleza kweentengiso esizingqinayo sele kubangele, kwi-2017, ukwanda kokukhutshwa kwe-CO2 kwiimoto ezintsha ezithengiswayo. Kuya kuba nzima ngakumbi kubakhi ukuhlangabezana neethagethi ezicetywayo, ngakumbi kwabo baxhomekeke kakhulu kwiintengiso zolu hlobo lwenjini.
Kwaye ngaphandle kwekamva eliya kuba ngumbane ngokuqinisekileyo, inyaniso kukuba umthamo wokuthengisa wangoku kunye noqikelelweyo kude kube ngu-2021 eYurophu, nokuba umbane ococekileyo okanye i-hybrid, ayikho nje kwaye ayiyi kuba yanele ukuhlawula ilahleko yokuthengisa kwiimotor.
Isiphelo seDizili?
Ngaba iinjini zedizili ziya kuphuma ngokukhawuleza kunokuba bekulindelwe? Kwiimoto zokukhanya kunokwenzeka kakhulu, kwaye ezininzi iimpawu sele zibhengeze ukuzibophelela kwazo ekususeni olu hlobo lwenjini kwiikhathalogu zabo, nokuba kwiimodeli ezithile okanye kuluhlu lwabo lonke, ukwazisa kwindawo yabo iinjini zokutsha kunye namanqanaba ahlukeneyo ombane-semi- i-hybrids, i-hybrids, kunye ne-plug-in hybrids-kunye nombane omtsha. Enyanisweni, zilungiselele- nantsi izandyondyo zetram.
Sikwabhengeze ukuphela kwe-Diesel malunga nonyaka odlulileyo:
Kodwa kubonakala ngathi ibisisibhengezo sangaphambi kwexesha kwicala lethu:
Njengoko sele sichazile, ii-Diesels sele zine-destiny set, kunye okanye ngaphandle kwe-Dieselgate. Kwiminyaka ngaphambi kwe-Dieselgate, imephu yokuqaliswa kwemigangatho yokukhutshwa kwe-Euro 6 yayisele yenziwe - umgangatho we-Euro 6D kulindeleke ukuba ungene kwi-2020, kwaye imigangatho yexesha elizayo sele ixutyushwa - kunye nokungena kwe-WLTP entsha kunye novavanyo lwe-RDE. iiprothokholi, kunye nethagethi ye-95 g/km ye-CO2.
Ngokwemvelo, abavelisi babesele besebenza kwiisombululo zobuchwepheshe ukwenzela ukuba kungekhona nje iinjini ze-diesel, kodwa zonke iinjini zabo zokutsha, zinokuthobela yonke imimiselo ezayo.
Kuyinyani ukuba i-Dieselgate yeza kubuza uphuhliso lweenjini zedizili ezintsha - ezinye zade zarhoxiswa. Noko ke, siye sabona ukuphehlelelwa kweziphakamiso ezintsha ze-Diesel - nokuba ngaba iinguqulelo ezihlaziyiweyo zeenjini ezikhoyo ukuze zihambelane nemimiselo emitsha, okanye iinjini ezintsha. Kwaye njengoko sibona kwiinjini zepetroli, idizili nazo ziya kufakelwa umbane ngokuyinxenye, kunye neenkqubo zesemi-hybrid ezisekwe kwi-12 okanye i-48V yoyilo lombane.
Ukuba iDizili inekamva? sikholelwa njalo
Ukuba kwiimoto ezikhanyayo, ngakumbi ezo zixineneyo, ikamva labo libonakala linyikinya kakhulu - kwaye kufuneka sivumelane ukuba kwiimoto ezihamba ngeedolophu kuphela ngokuqinisekileyo ayisiyiyo eyona ndlela ilungileyo - kukho iindidi ezithile ezisezezona zifanelekileyo. . IiSUV, ingakumbi ezinkulu, zezona zixhobo zibalaseleyo zolu hlobo lwenjini.
Ukongeza, uphuhliso lwetekhnoloji esilubonayo kolu hlobo lwe-powertrain luyaqhubeka lubaluleke kakhulu kuthutho olunzima lwabakhweli kunye nempahla - iteknoloji yombane isazakuthatha ixeshana ukuba ibe yimbuyiselo esebenzayo.
Ekugqibeleni, kungekhona ngeqondo lakhe lokuphoxa, omnye wabalinganiswa abaphambili kwi-scandal emissions, nguye owabonisa isisombululo "soguquko" ukunciphisa kakhulu ukukhutshwa kwe-NOx kwi-Diesels, apho, ukuba ibonakaliswe, inokuqinisekisa ukufaneleka okufunekayo kule nto. uhlobo lwemoto kwiminyaka ezayo.
Ngaba kwanele ukuqinisekisa ukusinda kwe-Diesel kwimarike? Sobona.