Izinjini ezintathu-cylinder. Akekho umuntu ongawavuli amakhala uma kukhulunywa ngezinjini ezinamasilinda amathathu.
Sesizwile cishe yonke into ngabo: “Thenga imoto enenjini engu-three cylinder? Ungalokothi!"; “Lena yizinkinga nje”; "hamba kancane futhi usebenzise okuningi". Lesi isampula esincane sokucwasa okuhlobene nalesi sakhiwo.
Ezinye ziyiqiniso, ezinye azilona, kanti ezinye ziyizinganekwane. Lesi sihloko sihlose ukubeka yonke into «izitsha ezihlanzekile».
Ingabe izinjini ezinamasilinda amathathu zithembekile? Phela zinhle noma azisizi ngalutho?
Naphezu kwedumela elibi lalesi sakhiwo, ukuziphendukela kwemvelo ezinjinini ezivuthayo kwenze ukonakala kwakho kuyancipha futhi kungabonakali. Ingabe ukusebenza, ukusetshenziswa, ukwethembeka kanye nokushayela okujabulisayo kuseyinkinga?
Emigqeni embalwa elandelayo sizoqoqa amaqiniso nezibalo mayelana nalezi zinjini. Kodwa ake siqale ekuqaleni...
Amasilinda amathathu okuqala
Amasilinda amathathu okuqala emakethe afinyelela kithi ngesandla samaJapane, nakuba ayenamahloni kakhulu. Enamahloni kodwa egcwele amandla. Ubani ongakhumbuli i-Daihatsu Charade GTti? Ngemva kwalokhu, kwalandela amanye amamodeli wenkulumo encane.
Izinjini zokuqala zase-Europe ezinamasilinda amathathu zavela ngeminyaka yawo-1990. Ngikhuluma ngenjini engu-1.0 Ecotec yakwa-Opel, eyayisebenzisa iCorsa B, kwathi eminyakeni embalwa kamuva, injini engu-1.2 MPI yakwaVolkswagen Group, eyawahlomisa, amamodeli afana neVolkswagen Polo IV.
Lezi zinjini zazifana ngani? Babebuthaka. Uma kuqhathaniswa nozakwabo abangamasilinda amane, badlidliza kakhulu, bahamba kancane futhi badliwe yisilinganiso esifanayo.
Kulandele izinjini zikadizili ezinamasilinda amathathu, nazo ebezinezinkinga ezifanayo, kodwa zakhuliswa wuhlobo lomjikelezo weDizili. Ukucwengwa kwaba buthaka, futhi ubunandi bokushayela bukhubazekile.
Uma sengeza izinkinga ezithile zokuthembeka kulokhu, sibe nesivunguvungu esihle kakhulu sokudala ukuzondwa kwalo mdwebo oqhubeka kuze kube namuhla.
Izinkinga ngezinjini ezinamasilinda amathathu?
Kungani izinjini ezinamasilinda amathathu zingacwengisiswanga kangako? Lona umbuzo omkhulu. Futhi umbuzo ohlobene nokungalingani okukhona ekwakhiweni kwawo.Njengoba lezi zinjini zifakwe inombolo eyinqaba yamasilinda, kukhona i-asymmetry ekusatshalalisweni kobuningi namandla, okwenza ibhalansi yabo yangaphakathi ibe nzima kakhulu. Njengoba wazi, umjikelezo we-4-stroke injini (ukungenisa, ukucindezela, ukuvutha nokukhipha) kudinga ukujikeleza kwe-crankshaft ye-720 degrees, ngamanye amazwi, ukuphenduka okubili okuphelele.
Enjinini enamasilinda amane, kuhlala kunesilinda esisodwa emjikelezweni womlilo, ohlinzeka ngomsebenzi wokudlulisela. Ezinjinini ezinamasilinda amathathu lokhu akwenzeki.
Ukuze ubhekane nalesi simo, amabhrendi engeza ama-crankshaft counterweights, noma ama-flywheel amakhudlwana ukuze amelane nokudlidliza. Kodwa kuma-revs aphansi cishe akunakwenzeka ukufihla ukungalingani kwakho kwemvelo.
Ngokuqondene nomsindo ophuma ku-exhaust, njengoba behluleka ukuvutha njalo ngamadigri angu-720, nawo awumugqa omncane.
Yiziphi izinzuzo zezinjini ezinama-cylinder amathathu?
Kulungile. Manje njengoba sesiyalazi "uhlangothi olumnyama" lwezinjini ezinamasilinda amathathu, ake sigxile enzuzweni yazo - nakuba eziningi zazo zingase zibe nje ukucabanga.
Isizathu esibalulekile sokwamukela lesi sakhiwo sihlobene nokunciphisa ukungqubuzana komshini. Izingxenye ezihambayo ezimbalwa, amandla amancane ayachithwa.
Uma iqhathaniswa nenjini enamasilinda amane, injini enamasilinda amathathu inciphisa ukungqubuzana kwemishini ngo-25%.
Uma sicabangela ukuthi phakathi kuka-4 kuya ku-15% wokusetshenziswa kungachazwa kuphela ngokungqubuzana komshini, nansi inzuzo yethu. Kodwa akusiyo yodwa.
Ukukhipha isilinda kwenza izinjini zihlangane futhi zibelula. Ngamamotho amancane, onjiniyela banenkululeko eyengeziwe yokuklama izakhiwo eziguquguqukayo ezihleliwe noma benze indawo yokwengeza izixazululo eziyingxube.
Izindleko zokukhiqiza nazo zingase zibe phansi. Ukwabelana kwezingxenye phakathi kwezinjini kuyiqiniso kuzo zonke izinhlobo, kodwa enye yezinto ezithakazelisa kakhulu i-BMW, enomklamo wayo we-modular. Izinjini zakwaBMW ezingama-three cylinder (1.5), four-cylinder (2.0) kanye namasilinda ayisithupha (3.0) zabelana ngezinto eziningi.
Umkhiqizo waseBavaria wengeza amamojula (amasilinda afunda) ngokuya ngesakhiwo esifisayo, nemojula ngayinye enesilinganiso esingu-500 cm3. Le vidiyo ikukhombisa ukuthi ungenza kanjani:
Lezi zinzuzo, zonke zihlanganisiwe, zivumela izinjini ezinamasilinda amathathu ukuthi zimemezele ukusetshenziswa okuphansi nokukhipha igesi kunozakwabo abalinganayo abangamasilinda amane, ikakhulukazi kuphrothokholi yangaphambilini yokusetshenziswa kwe-NEDC ne-emissions.
Kodwa-ke, lapho ukuhlolwa kwenziwa ngokuya ngezivumelwano ezidingeka kakhulu njenge-WLTP, ezimisweni eziphakeme, inzuzo ayibonakali kangako. Kungesinye sezizathu ezenza izinhlobo ezifana neMazda zingabheki kulobu buciko.
Izinjini zesimanje ezinamasilinda amathathu
Uma emithwalweni ephezulu (ama-revs aphezulu), umehluko phakathi kwezinjini ze-tetracylinder ne-tricylindrical azibonakali, ezimisweni eziphansi neziphakathi, izinjini zesimanje ezinamasilinda amathathu ezinomjovo oqondile kanye ne-turbo zifinyelela ukusetshenziswa okuthakazelisa kakhulu nokukhipha umoya.Thatha isibonelo senjini yakwaFord engu-1.0 EcoBoost - injini eklonyeliswe kunawo wonke esigabeni sayo - ekwazi ukufinyelela ebangeni elingaphansi kuka-5 l/100 km uma okusikhathazayo kuwukusebenzisa uphethiloli kuphela, kanti uma unethezekile, ingadluli ku-6. l/100km.
Amanani akhuphuka abe yizibalo ngaphezulu kakhulu kwalawo ashiwo lapho umbono “ucindezela” wonke amandla awo ngaphandle kwemvumelwano.
Uma ijubane liphezulu, kulapho inzuzo yezinjini ezine-cylinder iyancipha. Kungani? Ngoba ngamakamelo amancane kangaka avuthayo, abaphathi benjini bayalela imijovo eyengeziwe kaphethiloli ukuze apholise igumbi elivuthayo futhi ngaleyo ndlela kugwenywe ukuqhunyiswa kwangaphambili kwengxube. Leyo, Uphethiloli usetshenziselwa ukupholisa injini.
Ingabe izinjini ezinamasilinda amathathu zithembekile?
Naphezu kwegama elibi lalesi sakhiwo - okuyinto, njengoba sesibonile, ikweleta kakhulu esikhathini esidlule kunamanje - namuhla ithembekile njenganoma iyiphi enye injini. Vumela "iqhawe lethu elincane" lisho njalo...
Lokhu kuthuthukiswa kungenxa yentuthuko eyenziwe ekwakhiweni kwezinjini kule minyaka eyishumi edlule mayelana nalokhu: ubuchwepheshe (i-turbo nomjovo), izinto zokwakha (ama-alloys ensimbi) kanye nokuqedwa (ukwelashwa kokulwa nokushayisana).
Nakuba kungeyona injini yamasilinda amathathu , lesi sithombe sibonisa ubuchwepheshe obusetshenziswa ezinjinini zamanje:
Ungathola amandla amaningi nakakhulu ngamayunithi anomthamo omncane noma omncane.
Kulesi sikhathi samanje embonini yezimoto, ngaphezu kokwethembeka kwezinjini, yizo ezithintekayo ezisengozini. I-Turbos, izinzwa ezihlukahlukene nezinhlelo zikagesi zingaphansi komsebenzi omakhenikha namuhla abasenabo ubunzima ukuwulandela.
Ngakho ngesikhathi esilandelayo lapho utshelwa ukuthi izinjini ezintathu-cylinder azithembekile, ungaphendula: “zithembekile njenganoma iyiphi enye i-architecture”.
Manje sekuyithuba lakho. Sitshele ngolwazi lwakho ngezinjini ezinamasilinda amathathu, sishiye amazwana!