Lungisa leli gama: Maria Helena Braga. Ngemuva kwaleli gama elivame ukubizwa ngesiPutukezi, sithola umcwaningi ovela ku-Faculty of Engineering yaseNyuvesi yasePorto, ngenxa yomsebenzi wakhe, okungenzeka ukuthi ubambe iqhaza ekuthuthukisweni okuqinisekile kobuchwepheshe bebhethri ye-lithium-ion.
Umnikelo wakhe uphathelene nokutholakala kwengilazi ye-electrolyte, futhi kungase kubangele isizukulwane esisha samabhethri - isimo esiqinile - esizoba ephephile, esingokwemvelo, esithengekayo futhi esingaba namandla afinyelela ku-3x ngaphezulu. Ukuze uqonde ukuthi kungani wonke lo mdlandla, kuwumqondo omuhle ukwazi ngamabhethri e-lithium-ion (Li-ion).
Amabhethri e-Li-ion avame kakhulu namuhla. Zinezinzuzo eziningi kunezinye izinhlobo zamabhethri, kodwa futhi zinemikhawulo yazo.
Singazithola kuma-smartphones, ezimotweni zikagesi nakwezinye izinto zikagesi. Ukuze banikeze amandla adingekayo, basebenzisa i-electrolyte ewuketshezi ukuthutha i-lithium ions phakathi kwe-anode (uhlangothi olubi lwebhethri) kanye ne-cathode (uhlangothi oluhle).
Lolu ketshezi luwumgogodla wendaba. Ukushaja okusheshayo noma ukukhishwa kwamabhethri e-lithium kungaholela ekwakhekeni kwama-dendrites, okuyi-lithium filaments (ama-conductors). Lawa ma-filaments angabangela ama- short circuits angaphakathi angabangela imililo ngisho nokuqhuma.
Ukutholwa kukaMaria Helena Braga
Ukushintsha i-electrolyte ewuketshezi nge-electrolyte eqinile kuvimbela ukwakheka kwama-dendrites. Kwakuyi-electrolyte eqinile eyatholwa u-Maria Helena Braga, kanye no-Jorge Ferreira, lapho besebenza eLabhorethri Kazwelonke Yamandla Ne-Geology.
Ukuqamba okusha kuhilela ukusetshenziswa kwe-electrolyte yengilazi eqinile, evumela ukusetshenziswa kwe-anode eyakhelwe ezinsimbi ze-alkali (i-lithium, okuqinile noma i-potassium). Into ebingenzeki kuze kube manje. Ukusetshenziswa kwe-vitreous electrolyte kuye kwavula izwe lamathuba, njengokukhulisa ukuminyana kwamandla e-cathode nokwelula umjikelezo wempilo yebhethri.
Ukutholwa kwashicilelwa esihlokweni ngo-2014 futhi kwadonsa ukunaka komphakathi wesayensi. Umphakathi ofaka u-John Goodenough, “ubaba” webhethri ye-lithium yanamuhla. Kwakuyiminyaka engama-37 edlule lapho asungula khona intuthuko yezobuchwepheshe eyavumela amabhethri e-lithium-ion ukuthi akwazi ukuhwebelana. Uprofesa eNyuvesi yaseTexas, oneminyaka engu-94 ubudala akakwazanga ukuqukatha intshiseko yakhe ngokutholwa komcwaningi ongumPutukezi.
Akuzange kuthathe isikhathi eside ukuthi u-Maria Helena Braga aye e-US ukuze abonise u-John Goodenough ukuthi i-vitreous electrolyte yakhe yayikwazi ukuqhuba ama-ion ngesivinini esifanayo ne-electrolyte ewuketshezi. Kusukela lapho, bobabili baye basebenzisana ocwaningweni nasekuthuthukisweni kwebhethri lesimo esiqinile. Lokhu kubambisana sekuveze inguqulo entsha ye-electrolyte.
Ukungenelela kukaGoodenough ekusebenzisaneni nasekuthuthukisweni kwebhethri le-solid-state kube nesandla ekunikezeni ukwethembeka okudingekayo kulokhu kutholwa.
Izinzuzo Solid State Battery
Izinzuzo ziyethembisa:- ukwanda kwamandla kagesi okuzovumela ukuminyana okukhulu kwamandla evolumu efanayo - kuvumela ibhethri elihlangene kakhulu
- ivumela ukulayisha okusheshayo ngaphandle kokukhiqizwa kwe-dendrite - phezu kwemijikelezo engu-1200
- imijikelezo eyengeziwe yokushaja/yokukhipha evumela impilo yebhethri ende
- ivumela ukusebenza ebangeni lokushisa elibanzi ngaphandle kokuwohloka - amabhethri okuqala akwazi ukusebenza ku -60º Celsius
- izindleko ezingaba ziphansi ngenxa yokusetshenziswa kwezinto ezifana nesodium esikhundleni se-lithium
Enye yezinzuzo ezinkulu ukuthi amangqamuzana angakhiwa ngezinto ezithinta imvelo, njenge-sodium eshiwo ngenhla, engakhishwa emanzini olwandle. Futhi ngisho nokusetshenziswa kabusha kwazo akuyona inkinga. Okubi kuphela, uma ungakubiza kanjalo, ukuthi ukufaka lawa mabhethri aqinile kudinga indawo eyomile futhi okungcono kakhulu engenawo umoya-mpilo.
AKUMELE UPHUTHELWE: "Amaphaseji kagesi" emigwaqweni emikhulu kazwelonke eqinisiwe
U-Maria Helena Braga uthi akhona kakade amabhethri esimo esiqinile: amaseli ezinhlamvu zemali noma izinkinobho, amabhethri angama-coin-size asetshenziswa, isibonelo, kwamanye amawashi. Amabhethri anobunye ubukhulu nawo ahloliwe elabhorethri.
Luzokwenzeka nini lolu hlobo lwebhethri emotweni?
Ngokusho kukaMaria Helena Braga, manje kuzoncika embonini. Lo mcwaningi kanye noGoodenough sebevele bafakazela ubuqiniso balo mqondo. Intuthuko kuzomele yenziwe ngabanye. Ngamanye amazwi, ngeke kube kusasa noma ngonyaka ozayo.
Ukusuka kule ntuthuko yaselabhorethri uye emikhiqizweni yokuhweba kuyinselelo enkulu. Kungase kuthathe eminye iminyaka engu-15 ngaphambi kokuba sibone lolu hlobo olusha lwebhethri lusetshenziswa ezimotweni zikagesi.
Ngokuyisisekelo, kuyadingeka ukuthola izinqubo zezimboni ezingaka nezingabizi kakhulu ezivumela ukwenziwa kwezimboni kanye nokudayiswa kwalolu hlobo olusha lwamabhethri. Esinye isizathu sihlobene nokutshalwa kwezimali okukhulu osekwenziwe ekuthuthukisweni kwamabhethri e-lithium yizinkampani ezihluke kakhulu. Isibonelo esidume kakhulu kuzoba yi-Tesla's Gigafactory.
Ngamanye amazwi, eminyakeni eyi-10 ezayo kufanele siqhubeke nokubona ukuvela kwamabhethri e-lithium. Ukuminyana kwabo kwamandla kulindeleke ukuthi kukhuphuke cishe ngo-50% kanti izindleko zabo kulindeleke ukuthi zehle ngo-50%. Ushintsho olusheshayo embonini yezimoto ukuya kumabhethri esimo esiqinile akumele kulindelwe.
Ukutshalwa kwezimali kuphinde kuqondiswe kwezinye izinhlobo zamabhethri, anokusabela kwamakhemikhali okuhlukile, okungafinyelela ukuminyana kwamandla okuphindwe izikhathi ezingu-20 kunebhethri ye-lithium-ion yamanje. Akukhona nje kuphela ukuthi ingaphezu kokuphindwe kathathu okuzuzwa amabhethri aqinile, kodwa, ngokusho kwabanye, ingafinyelela emakethe ngaphambi kwalokhu.
Noma kunjalo, isimo sesikhathi esizayo sibukeka sithembisa imoto kagesi. Lolu hlobo lwenqubekelaphambili yilo okufanele ekugcineni luvumele amazinga okuncintisana alingana nezimoto ezinezinjini ezivuthayo zangaphakathi. Noma kunjalo, ngayo yonke le ntuthuko, njengalokhu kutholwe nguMaria Helena Braga, kungathatha eminye iminyaka engama-50 ukuthi izimoto ezisebenza ngogesi zifinyelele ingxenye engama-70-80% yemakethe yomhlaba.