Impilo ende enjinini evuthayo yangaphakathi. Kuyaxaka ukuthi “isiphetho esimenyezelwe” senjini evuthayo yangaphakathi ngenxa yokugcwala kukagesi, akubanga yisithiyo ekuboneni intuthuko enkulu eminyakeni yamuva: isilinganiso sokucindezela okuguquguqukayo (Nissan), ukucindezelwa kokushisa ezinjinini zikaphethiloli (Mazda) futhi manje, I-Koenigsegg izofaka ekukhiqizeni (nakuba ilinganiselwe kakhulu) injini yokuqala yomjikelezo we-Otto (i-stroke emi-4) ngaphandle kwe-camshaft.
Kukule ndlela yokuqanjwa kabusha lapho kuvela khona ne-INNengine 1S ICE, ethembisa ukuqhubekela phambili.
Injini encane kodwa eguquguqukayo, enezixazululo zobunjiniyela ezithakazelisa kakhulu ngaphakathi. Asihlangane nabo?
Iyini i-1S ICE?
I-1S ICE evela ku-INNengine iyinjini ehlangene kakhulu ngosayizi nangomthamo, enesisindo esingu-500 cm3 kuphela futhi inesisindo esingu-43 kg - umdali wayo, u-Juan Garrido, uthi usevele esebenzela ukuvela kwalolu phiko onesisindo esingama-35 kg (!).Isisindo sayo esiphansi kanye nevolumu kuyizinzuzo ezimbili eziyinhloko labo abanesibopho se-INNengine abazimemezelayo ngezinjini ezivuthayo zangaphakathi ezivamile (imivimbo emi-4):
- Kufikela ku-70% isamba sokwehliswa kwevolumu;
- Kufika ku-75% ukunciphisa isisindo;
- Kufika ku-70% izingxenye ezimbalwa;
- Futhi kufika ku-75% ngaphansi kokususwa, kodwa okunamandla afanayo njengenjini evamile engu-4x enkulu. Isibonelo, i-500 cm3 1S ICE ifinyelela amandla afanayo nenjini engu-2000 cm3 4-stroke.
Singabona futhi ukuthi, naphezu kosayizi omncane we-cubic, i-1S ICE inamasilinda amane futhi… amapiston ayisishiyagalombili — akulona iphutha, amapiston ayisishiyagalombili empeleni… Ngamanye amazwi, amapiston amabili isilinda, kulokhu okusho ukuthi sikhona. phambi kwenjini yama-pistons aphikisanayo. Ngabhala ama-pistons aphikisanayo hhayi amasilinda aphikisayo aziwa kakhulu. Uyini umehluko?
Ama-piston aphikisanayo madala kunalokho ucabanga
Izinjini ze-opposite-piston azifani nezinjini zamasilinda ahlukile njengalezi esizazi kwaPorsche naseSubaru. Uyini umehluko? Ezinjinini ze-piston eziphikisanayo sinamaphiston amabili isilinda, asebenza elinye elibhekene nelinye, igumbi elivuthayo labelwa yiwo womabili.
Nokho, akuyona into entsha uma kuziwa ezinjinini ezivuthayo zangaphakathi, naphezu kokuba isisombululo esingavamile sobuchwepheshe.
Eqinisweni, injini ye-piston yokuqala ephikisayo ihlehlela emuva ku-1882, eyaklanywa nguJames Atkinson (yena u-Atkinson owanikeza igama lakhe emjikelezweni womlilo ongaziwa otholakala, ngaphezu kwakho konke, ezimotweni ezixubile, ngenxa yokusebenza kahle kwayo okukhulu).
Inzuzo eyinhloko yalolu lungiselelo ilele ekusebenzeni kahle okukhulu, njengoba ingasekho i-cylinder head kanye nama-camshafts - izinjini ze-piston eziphikisanayo ziyi-2-stroke - ukunciphisa isisindo, ubunzima, ukushisa nokulahlekelwa kwe-friction, nezindleko.
Bhalisela iphephandaba lethu
Kodwa-ke, ekusebenzeni, njengoba ama-pistons amabili ku-cylinder efanayo kufanele asebenze ngendlela ehlelekile, kufanele ahlanganiswe ngokomzimba ndawonye, kuphoqeleke ukuthi athathe indawo yobunzima obulahlekile nesisindo.
Izinjini ze-piston eziphikisanayo ziye zasetshenziswa, ngaphezu kwakho konke, ekuthuthweni okukhulu, njengemikhumbi, izimoto zamasosha, noma njengamajeneretha asebenzayo. Ezweni lezimoto ziyivelakancane kakhulu. Namuhla, mhlawumbe injini eseduze yepiston eseduze kakhulu yokuhlomisa imoto (noma imoto yokuhweba engcono kakhulu) yileyo ye-Achates Power. Unevidiyo emfushane ekuvumela ukuthi uqonde ukuthi isebenza kanjani:
Ama-piston aphikisayo 2.0: goodbye crankshaft
Uyini umehluko phakathi kwe-1S ICE esuka ku-INNEngine kanye nale njini eyisilinda ephambene ne-Achates? Njengoba sibona kule filimu engenhla, ukuze silawule ukunyakaza kwawo wonke ama-piston kumasilinda sinama-crankshaft amabili ahlanganiswe ndawonye ngesistimu yegiya. I-1S ICE imane ikhiphe ama-crankshafts, futhi ngawo izinduku zokuxhuma nawo wonke amagiya ahlobene ayanyamalala endaweni yesigameko.
Ngokunciphisa ngokuphawulekayo inani lezingxenye ezidingekayo ekusebenzeni kwenjini yayo, i-INNengine kanjalo izuze ukuncipha okukhulunywe ngakho ngenhla kwevolumu nobukhulu, kanye nokwanda okungenzeka kokusebenza kahle.
Esikhundleni sama-crankshaft sithola izingcezu ezimbili (uhlobo lwediski olungena ku-shaft yenjini), eyodwa ekugcineni kwenjini, nenye yezindawo zayo ezibalwe ngokucophelela ezingahlanganisiwe. Yizona ezenza kube nokwenzeka ukuxhumanisa kahle ukunyakaza kwamapistoni ayisishiyagalombili (manje asehamba nge-eksisi ehambisana ne-axis motor).
Zibone zisebenza:
Kuzwakala kulula ngendlela engenangqondo, akunjalo? Ngenxa yokuhlelwa kwe-equidistant ne-concentric yazo zonke izingxenye ezihambayo (ezimbalwa), kanye nokunyakaza kwamapiston ngokuhambisana ne-shaft eyinhloko, ibhalansi yale njini iphelele ngokuphelele.
Ukungabikho kokudlidliza kwenza ukuthi, lapho bebonisa ifilimu ye-prototype injini ebhentshini lokuhlola, bamangalelwe ngamanga, njengoba kwakungabonakali ngeso lenyama ukuthi injini yayigijima ...
Kule vidiyo emfushane singabona nezinye izici ze-1S ICE, njengokuthi kungenzeka ukuthi kuthuthukiswe kancane ukuma kweyodwa "ye-crankshafts". Amathuba avumela ukusatshalaliswa okuguquguqukayo, hhayi ama-valve (awanawo), kodwa amachweba (i-inlet ne-exhaust) athatha indawo yawo. Futhi ivumela dynamically variable compression ratio, ukuyishintsha njengoba kudingeka, njengoba nge injini Nissan.
Inhloso yalezi zinketho, njengoba ungathola kwezinye izinjini ze-4-stroke ezihlomisa izimoto zethu, ukuzuza ukusebenza kahle nokusebenza okukhulu. Endabeni ye-1S ICE, ivumela ukuguquguquka ukuthi izinjini ezi-2-stroke - njengalezo ezinamaphistoni aphikisanayo - azikuvumeli, ngalokhu kuba ngamapharamitha angashintshi.
Futhi lokho kusiletha kwenye indlela entsha ye-1S ICE, iqiniso lokuthi iyinjini ene-1-stroke, isici esibaluleke kangangokuthi siyingxenye yegama layo: 1 Stroke noma 1-Stroke.
Isikhathi esingu-1 kuphela?! Kanjalo?
Siyalazi igama elithi 4-stroke engine (leyo ehlomisa izimoto zethu ngenjini evuthayo yangaphakathi), kanye nenjini ene-2-stroke (lokhu kuvame ukuhlotshaniswa nezithuthuthu). Kodwa-ke, i-INNengine ithi injini yayo ingu-1 stroke, okusho ukuthi:
- 4-stroke: ukuqhuma okukodwa kokuphenduka okubili kwe-crankshaft;
- Imivimbo emi-2: ukuqhuma okukodwa kokujika kwe-crankshaft ngakunye;
- Isikhathi esingu-1: ukuqhuma okubili kokujika ngakunye kwe-crankshaft.
Ngamanye amazwi, nakuba isimiso sokusebenza se-1S ICE sifana nezinjini ezi-2-stroke, ilawula, nokho, ukuqhuma okuphindwe kabili kokuzungezisa ngakunye kwe-crankshaft, futhi kuphindwe kane lokho esingakuzuza enjinini enama-stroke angu-4. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, lesi sakhiwo esisha sifinyelela konke lokhu ngezingxenye ezimbalwa.
Lena enye “yezimfihlo” zokusebenza kwayo okuthenjisiwe kanye nokusebenza kwayo okuqondile: ngokusho kwe-INNengine, i-500 cm3 yayo encane iyakwazi ukwethula izinombolo ezilingana nenjini engu-2000 cm3 4-stroke.
Izinombolo… kungenzeka
Sisesesigabeni sokuthuthuka, ngakho azikho izinombolo eziqondile. Kepha kumavidiyo lapho uJuan Garrido ebonakala echaza yonke into ngenjini yakhe (sizoshiya ividiyo ekugcineni kwesihloko), kunenombolo egqamile: 155 Nm ku-800 rpm! Isibalo esihlaba umxhwele futhi nje uma siqhathaniswa, sinamanani etorque afanayo azuzwa izinkulungwane ezincane zama-turbos emakethe yethu, kodwa afinyelela ku-1000 rpm kamuva futhi… ashajwa kakhulu.Izinombolo ezihlobene nokusetshenziswayo/okukhishelwayo, kuzodingeka silinde isikhathi eside, okusiletha embuzweni obalulekile:
Ingabe izofika ukuzohlomisa imoto?
Mhlawumbe, kodwa hhayi ngendlela ocabanga ngayo. Yize beguqula i-Mazda MX-5 (NB) ukuthi isebenze njengesibonelo sokuhlola le njini, inhloso kanye nokuqondiswa kokuthuthuka kwayo wukusebenza njengobubanzi bezimoto zikagesi.
Iqiniso lokuthi iminyene kakhulu, ilula, iyasebenza, futhi ikhiqiza izinombolo eziphakeme kangaka kumarevs aphansi kangako - umgomo walesi sandisi sebanga ukukhiqiza u-30 kW (41 hp) ngo-2500 rpm - ingalenza libe isandiso esihle kakhulu sebanga . Izindleko eziphansi (asikho isidingo sebhethri elikhulu kangaka), ukungcola okuncane (injini evuthayo esebenza kahle kakhulu), kanye nokuthuthukiswa okuphezulu ebhodini (ukungabikho kokudlidliza).
Kodwa-ke, ezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza zingaphambili kule njini, i-INNengine ithuthukisa injini yokuncintisana, futhi indiza (ukukhanya) isibonise intshisekelo enkulu kule njini.
Umhlaba wangempela
Njengenjini ye-Achates Power, amandla e-INNengine 1S ICE awanakuphikwa. Ukuyibona ngempela, ukusekelwa okukhulu kwezezimali kuyadingeka, futhi nakuba zombili izinkampani zisekelwa yiSaudi Aramco (isikhondlakhondla sikawoyela saseSaudi), okuhle kungaba ukwesekwa komkhiqizi oyedwa noma abambalwa bezimoto.
Uma i-Achates Power isivele ikuzuzile sibonga ngokwengxenye ukwesekwa okuvela ku-Cummins (umakhi wenjini) kanye ne-ARPA-E (isikhungo sikahulumeni wase-US samaphrojekthi ahlobene namandla), i-INNengine ayikayitholi.
Kukhona iminyaka engu-10 yentuthuko, kukhona kakade injini prototypes emabhentshini test. Inzalo ekhiqizwayo ingakhuphuka kuphela - ngisho nangenxa yezithembiso zalesi booster -, kodwa noma kunjalo, akuqinisekisiwe ukufinyelela esiphethweni esiyimpumelelo. Lokhu kungenxa yesimo samanje, lapho imboni yezimoto igxile ngenkani, kuphela futhi, ekufakeni ugesi. Kuzoba nzima kumakhi ukuthi ahlukanise ukutshalwa kwezimali kwakhe enjinini entsha ngokuphelele yangaphakathi evuthayo, nangale kwalokho kuningi okusha kuyo.
Akumangalisi ukuthi i-INNengine igxile ekuthuthukiseni i-1S ICE njengesandiso sebanga - kubonakala kuwukuphela kwethuba engalibamba maduzane futhi libambe izintshisekelo zemboni yezimoto.
Ukubaluleka kwenjini evuthayo yangaphakathi esikhathini esizayo akuhambisani nemoto kuphela, kodwa kuzo zonke izinhlobo zezimoto ezisebenzisayo, kungaba umhlaba, ulwandle noma umoya. Izinombolo zicacile futhi ziningi kakhulu.
Zilinganiselwa ezigidini ezingu-200 izinjini ezivuthayo zangaphakathi ezikhiqizwa unyaka ngamunye (ezilinganiselwa ezigidini ezingu-90 ezezimoto), ngakho-ke akulindelekile ukuthi esikhathini esifushane noma esimaphakathi zivele zinyamalale njengoba sesithole "ugesi".
Kubalulekile ukuqhubeka nokutshala izimali ekuziphendukeleni kwemvelo, njengoba nazo ziyingxenye yesixazululo.
Kulabo abafuna ukwazi okwengeziwe ngale njini yomlilo yangaphakathi, nginishiyela ividiyo (iSpanishi, kodwa ebhalwe ngesiNgisi) kaJuan Francisco Calero, intatheli, othole ithuba lokuvakashela izikhungo ze-INNengine futhi akhulume noJuan Garrido, wase-INNengine :