Ingabe ngempela i-hydrogen ingamafutha esikhathi esizayo? IHyundai, Honda kanye neToyota bathi yebo futhi bethula izinhlobo zokuqala ezikhiqizwe yilo mafutha embukisweni waseTokyo naseLos Angeles, ofike emakethe phakathi kuka-2014 no-2015.
Izimoto ze-hydrogen ziye zathenjiswa kithi njengento engokoqobo futhi efinyelelekayo kusukela ngawo-1990. Izimoto ze-Fuel-cell (fuel cell) ziyizimoto ezisebenza ngogesi ngokuphumelelayo, kodwa esikhundleni sokuthembela kusethi yamabhethri ukuze zinikeze amandla adingekayo, lokhu kuqala ukukhiqizwa. ngemoto ngokwayo. Ukusabela kwamakhemikhali phakathi kwe-hydrogen egcinwe ethangini kanye nomoya-mpilo okhona emoyeni kukhiqiza amandla adingekayo ukuze kusebenze ugesi kagesi, umhwamuko uwukuphela kokuphuma kwamanzi okukhiqizwayo.
Hlanza, ngokungangabazeki, kodwa kusekhona izinkinga eziningi ezingakaxazululwa ngaphambi kokufinyelela i-nirvana ezoba umnotho we-hydrogen kunomnotho wamafutha okhona. Kusukela ezindlekweni (ebezilokhu zehla), ukuya engqalasizinda edingekayo yokuhlinzeka, ukuya enkingeni (enkulu) yokukhiqizwa kwe-hydrogen. Naphezu kokuba isici esichichima kakhulu ku-Universe, ngeshwa ayivumeli "isivuno" esiqondile, hhayi umthombo oyinhloko wamandla. I-Hydrogen ihlale ihambisana nezinye izakhi, ngakho-ke kuyadingeka ukuyihlukanisa. Lapha kulele iphuzu elikhulu lengxoxo mayelana nokusebenza kwe-hydrogen njengesibaseli sesikhathi esizayo. Amandla adingekayo "ekudaleni" i-hydrogen abukela phansi ngokuphelele ukusebenza kahle kwalo lonke uhlelo.
Naphezu kwalokhu, kule minyaka engu-20 edlule sibone abakhiqizi beqhubeka belandela le ndlela, befinyelela intuthuko ebalulekile kwezobuchwepheshe, kangangokuthi kusukela ngonyaka ozayo sizoba nezimoto ezikhiqiza uphethiloli ezizokhiqizwa ngochungechunge. Kuyiqiniso ukuthi izimoto ze-hydrogen sezivele zincane yonke indawo. Ngisho nase-Portugal, sibe namabhasi okuhlola e-STCP azungeza e-Porto. Kodwa njengamabhasi e-STCP, zonke ezinye izimoto ze-fuel-cell zingamaphrojekthi okuhlola, anomkhawulo kakhulu emkhakheni wazo wokuthengisa noma okhiqizayo, futhi azitholakali emakethe ngokujwayelekile.
I-Honda ingenye yemikhiqizo ebheja kakhulu kulobu buchwepheshe, futhi ingeyabo, mhlawumbe, ubuso obubonakala kakhulu balolu hlelo lokusebenza, i-FCX Clarity (esithombeni esingenhla). Yethulwa ngo-2008, yalethwa cishe kumakhasimende angama-200 e-United States of America, Europe nase-Japan, esebenza njengabashayeli bezindiza abahlola uhlobo lomkhiqizo. Naphezu kokuhamba phambili okusobala kweHonda, ngeke ikwazi ukukhipha imoto yokuqala ye-hydrogen ekhiqizwa uchungechunge.
Kwethulwa esaluni e-Los Angeles, futhi kuhlelelwe ukumakethwa e-US (ekuqaleni kukhawulelwe esifundeni sase-California, njengoba kuneziteshi zokugcwalisa i-hydrogen ezingu-9 kweziyi-10 e-US) kusukela kule ntwasahlobo, I-Korean Hyundai iwina lo mjaho ngokwethula iTucson Fuel Cell (iX35 yethu). Ngokusobala iTucson njengamanye amaningi, okucashe ngaphansi komzimba kubizwa ngabakwaHyundai njengemoto yesizukulwane esilandelayo esebenza ngogesi.
Izinzuzo ezingaphezu kwemoto kagesi esebenza ngamabhethri zisobala: ukuzimela okulinganiselwe kwe-480km, ukugcwalisa ithangi le-hydrogen ngemizuzu engaphansi kwe-10 kanye nesimo sezulu esibandayo akuseyona inkinga, njengoba kuye kwabonwa ngendlela ethinta ngayo umthamo wamabhethri, njengokuhlolwa kweNissan Leaf. Futhi njenganoma iyiphi imoto kagesi, ithule, ayingcolisi, futhi i-torque engu-300Nm itholakala kalula.
Kutholakala kuphela ngokuqashisa, amakhasimende esikhathi esizayo ka-Hyundai Tucson fuel-cell kuzodingeka akhiphe u-$499 (cishe u-€372) ngenyanga izinyanga ezingu-36. Kodwa ngakolunye uhlangothi, i-hydrogen imahhala! Yebo, noma ubani othenga le Hyundai akudingeki ukuthi akhokhele i-hydrogen esetshenzisiwe. Ingabe lesi sikhuthazo sanele?
Kule salon efanayo e-Los Angeles, abakwaHonda baphinde bethula uhlelo lwayo lokuhlasela lama-fuel-cell. KwaHyundai bekulindelwe, kepha iHonda ayikude kakhulu, futhi, ngokumangazayo, yethula umqondo wekusasa obizwa nge-FCEV. . Kubukeka sengathi okuthile okuphuma ku-movie ye-sci-fi futhi kuqhathaniseka kakhulu “nenhlamba” ye-Tucson kanye nokubukeka komhlaba. I-FCEV izokwethulwa enguqulweni yayo yokugcina ngo-2015, futhi ngokuqinisekile isitayela kuze kube yileso sikhathi sizobe sihlanjululwe, i-Honda ngokwayo ithi i-FCEV isebenza kuphela njengendawo eyinkomba yendlela yesitayela esizayo. I-FCEV, nokho, ibukeka ingeyokuqala okubambekayo ekubonakaleni kwesibindi okwethulwe ngabakwaBMW nge-i range, ikakhulukazi i-i8, ehlakaza imoto “ngama-layers”.
Mhlawumbe okubaluleke kakhulu kunobuhle yilokho okungaphansi kwesikhumba. Kukhona intuthuko ebalulekile mayelana ne-FCX Clarity. I-Honda imemezela ububanzi obungaphezu kuka-480km, namaseli kaphethiloli athola ukuminyana kwamandla (3kW/L, 60% ngaphezu kwe-FCX Clarity) kuyilapho iminyene cishe ingxenye yesithathu, futhi isebenzisa i-FCX Clarity njengereferensi. Iphinde ithembise ukugcwalisa emaminithini we-3, uma uhlelo olunokucindezela kwe-70 MPa (Mega Pascal) luvunyelwe. Ukubumbana kwesistimu kwavumela iHonda, okokuqala ngqa, ukuba ilinganisele endaweni yenjini kuphela. Ku-FCX Clarity, ama-fuel cell atholakala emhubheni omaphakathi, ehlukanisa ikhabethe kabili.
Siwela iPacific, safika embukisweni wezimoto iTokyo Motor Show, lapho abakwaToyota bethula khona ukuvela komqondo we-FCV-R, owethulwe endaweni efanayo eminyakeni emibili ngaphambili. THE Toyota FCV isisondele emshinini wokukhiqiza, njengoba iToyota igcina isibikezelo esiqinile sokuthi ngo-2015 kufanele iqale ukuyimaketha.
Ngokubukeka kuyinselele, ngesitayela esihlukile futhi ayifezi kakhulu. Kusukela emazwini kaToyota, ugqozi lwesitayela luvela emanzini agelezayo kanye ... ne-catamaran. Umqondo uwukuthi umoya ongena ngamandla amakhulu, usabela nge-hydrogen, uphenduka ungabi lutho ngaphandle komhwamuko wamanzi. Umehluko phakathi kwemigqa yomzimba owuketshezi kanye nemiphetho ebukhali yomzimba kudlulele. Ngethemba ukuthi inguqulo yokukhiqiza iyithola kahle ngokulingana kwezingxenye zayo yonke, kanye nayo yonke. Yimoto ende, enokuphakama okungu-1.53m (ubude be-Smart), ngakho ububanzi obungu-1.81m bubukeka buncane, kanjalo namasondo abonakala emancane.
I-Toyota ithi i-FCV izoba nezihlalo ezi-4 (umkhumbi-mkhathi wakwa-Honda ukhangisa izihlalo ezi-5) futhi uthembisa ibanga elingaphezu kuka-500km. NjengeHonda FCEV, izophinde inikeze amandla aminyana angu-3kW/L kanjalo nama-MPa angama-70 okucindezela ithangi nokufaka uphethiloli nawo amenyezelwe ngabakwaToyota, okuvumela ukugcwaliswa kukagesi imizuzu emi-3 noma ngaphansi.
Yize zikhangiswa njengezimoto ezikhiqiza uchungechunge, ukutholakala kwazo ekuqaleni kuzobe kuncane kakhulu, njengoba kushoda ingqalasizinda. Azikho iziteshi zokugcwalisa ezanele ukuthuthukisa umsebenzi wokuhweba walezi zimoto ezithwala uphethiloli, naphezu kwenani elibonakalayo lazo elandayo. Imakethe yokuqala efiseleka kakhulu kuzoba yisifundazwe saseCalifornia e-US, kodwa lezi zimoto vele kulindeleke ukuthi zidayiswe eYurophu naseJapan.
Ngamanye amazwi, njengezimoto zikagesi ezisebenza ngebhethri, ukuqaliswa kokuhweba kokuqala kulindeleke ukuthi kuhambe kancane, mhlawumbe kuze kube kancane. Futhi azikho intuthuko enkulu ebonwa kusengaphambili esikhathini esifushane nesimaphakathi, kuyilapho izingxoxo mayelana nokusebenza kwe-hydrogen njengophethiloli wesikhathi esizayo ziseziningi. Abanye abakhi bathi i-hydrogen iwukuphela kwayo, kuyilapho abanye beyibona njengesixazululo esikahle, sesikhathi eside. Kuze kube yileso sikhathi, kule minyaka eyishumi sizoba nalezi ziphakamiso ezintathu ezintsha emakethe ukuze sibambe ukunaka kwengxenye yomhlaba.