Kungcono uqale ekuqaleni. Ungakhathazeki, masingabuyeli emuva ku-1893, unyaka uRudolf Diesel athola ngawo ilungelo lobunikazi benjini yakhe evuthayo - evame ukubizwa ngokuthi injini yedizili.
Ukuze siqonde ukukhuphuka nokuwa kwezinjini zikadizili embonini yezimoto, kufanele sihambe ikhulunyaka, ngokunembe kakhulu siye ku-1997, lapho ekugcineni kuphothulwa iSivumelwano sase-Kyoto. Lesi sivumelwano lapho amazwe athuthukile avuma khona ukunciphisa ukukhishwa kwawo kwaminyaka yonke kwe-CO2.
Ngokwesilinganiso, amazwe acebe kakhulu kufanele ehlise ukukhishwa kwawo kwe-CO2 ngo-8% esikhathini esiyiminyaka eyi-15 - esebenzisa ukukhishwa okukalwa ngo-1990 njengesilinganiso.
Ukwenyuka...
Ngokubikezelwa, ezokuthutha ngokuvamile kanye nezimoto kuzodingeka zifake isandla kulokhu kuncipha. Kodwa uma abakhiqizi baseJapane nabaseMelika babela izinsiza ekuthuthukisweni kwezimoto ezixubile nezikagesi, eYurophu, sibonga futhi endaweni yokwamukela izivakashi yabakhiqizi baseJalimane, babheja ubuchwepheshe bedizili - bekuyindlela esheshayo neshibhile yokufeza le migomo.
Simon Birkett, umqondisi weqembu le-Clean Air LondonBekuyi-oda lokushintshela kuDizili. Izimoto zezimoto zaseYurophu zishintshile zisuka ekubeni uphethiloli zaba ekadizili kakhulu. I-UK, kanye neJalimane, iFrance ne-Italy, banikeze uxhaso kanye “namaswidi” ukuze banxenxe abakhiqizi bezimoto nomphakathi ukuthi uthenge uDizili.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, injini ye-Diesel yenza izinguquko ezibalulekile kwezobuchwepheshe phakathi neminyaka yama-80 nama-90, okusize indima enkulu njengomlingisi ukunciphisa ukukhishwa kwe-CO2 - i-Fiat izokwenza umnikelo obalulekile ekwenzeni i-Diesel enye indlela esebenzayo.
Injini kadizili, ngenxa yokusebenza kahle kwayo okukhulu, ikhiqize, ngokwesilinganiso, i-CO2 engaphansi kuka-15% kunenjini ye-Otto - injini evame kakhulu evuthayo ngokuthungela. Kodwa ngakolunye uhlangothi, bakhipha ngamanani amakhulu ukungcola okufana ne-nitrogen dioxide (NO2) nezinhlayiya eziyingozi - izikhathi ezine neziphindwe ka-22, ngokulandelana - ezithinta kakhulu impilo yabantu, ngokungafani ne-CO2. Inkinga engazange ixoxwe ngokwanele ngaleso sikhathi - kwaze kwafika ngo-2012 lapho i-WHO (World Health Organization) yamemezela ukuthi ukukhishwa kwezinjini zikadizili kwakunomdlavuza kubantu.
Kuze kube maphakathi neminyaka yawo-1990, ukuthengiswa kwezimoto zikadizili kwaba ngaphezudlwana kuka-20% yenani lilonke, kodwa ngemva koshintsho oluhlangene - lwezombangazwe nezobuchwepheshe - isabelo sazo sizokhuphuka sibe ngaphezu kwesigamu semakethe - ifinyelele umvuthwandaba ngo-55.7% ngo-2011 , eNtshonalanga Yurophu.
... kanye nokuwa
Uma singakhomba i-Dieselgate (2015) njengomzuzu obalulekile ekuqaleni kokuphela, okuqinisekile ukuthi isiphetho se-Diesel sase simisiwe, nakuba ukwehla okuqhubekayo kunalokhu esikubona manje bekulindelekile.
U-Rinaldo Rinolfi, owake waba yiphini likamongameli we-Fiat Powertrain Research & Technology - onguyise wobuchwepheshe obufana ne-common-rail noma i-multiair - uthe, amahlazo noma ukungabikho kwehlazo, ukwehla kwe-Diesel kuzomele kwenzeke ngenxa yokukhuphuka kwezindleko zalezi zinjini ukuze zihambisane nemithetho. izindinganiso zokukhipha isisu eziqinile.
Isibikezelo sakhe besiwukuthi isidingo sizontengantenga ngemuva kokwethulwa kwe-Euro 6 ngo-2014, futhi ekupheleni kweminyaka eyishumi isabelo sayo sizokwehliswa sibe ngama-40% emakethe isiyonke - ngo-2017 isabelo sehle safinyelela ku-43.7%, futhi emakethe ikota yokuqala ka-2018 kuphela 37.9%, kakade ngaphansi kahle izibikezelo Rinolfi, umkhuba nakanjani washeshisa Dieselgate.
Uma kubhekwa izindleko ezihlale zikhuphuka zokuthobela umthetho, ubikezele ukuthi izinjini zikadizili zizoba yizingxenye eziphezulu kuphela, ezikwazi ukumunca izindleko ezengeziwe zama-powertrain. Asikafiki kulelo qophelo, kodwa sibone ukwanda kwezinjini zikaphethroli kwalimala udizili.
I-Dieselgate
NgoSepthemba 2015 kwavela obala ukuthi iqembu lakwaVolkswagen lasebenzisa umshini wokukhohlisa enjinini yawo i-2.0 TDI (EA189) e-US, ekwazi ukubona lapho ihlolwa ukukhishwa kwegesi, ukushintshela kwelinye imephu ye-elekthronikhi yokuphathwa kwenjini, ngaleyo ndlela nemikhawulo ekhishwayo ebekiwe. Kodwa lapho isendleleni futhi, yabuyela kumephu yokuqala ye-elekthronikhi - ihlinzeka ngokusetshenziswa okungcono kukaphethiloli nokusebenza.
Kungani iqembu leVolkswagen e-US lathola inhlawulo enzima kangaka - izindleko zomhlaba wonke sezivele ziba ngaphezu kwe-€ 25 billion - ngenkathi eYurophu, ngaphezu kokuqoqa izimoto ezingaphezu kwezigidi eziyisishiyagalombili ezithintekile ukuze zilungiswe, cha? Eqinisweni, i-US yayisivele "ishisiwe".
Ngo-1998, uMnyango Wezobulungiswa wase-US egameni le-EPA (I-Environmental Protection Agency) yamangalela bonke abakhi bamaloli adizili abakhulu ngokuphendukela ekwehluleni amadivaysi ezinjini zabo okuholele ekukhishweni okuphezulu - ngaphezu komkhawulo osemthethweni - i-NOx noma i-nitrogen oxides.
Bekumele bakhokhe inhlawulo engaphezu kuka-860 million euros. Ngokwemvelo, imithetho yashintshwa ukuze "ivale zonke izimbobo" eyayizigcina. Umthetho waseYurophu, ngakolunye uhlangothi, naphezu kokwenqabela ukusetshenziswa kwemishini yokunqotshwa, unokuhlukile okuningana, okwenza umthetho ungabi namsebenzi.
E-Portugal
Kulinganiselwa ukuthi e-Portugal kunezimoto ezibalelwa ku-125,000 ezithintwe yi-Dieselgate, kanti i-IMT idinga ukuthi zonke zilungiswe. Isinqumo esiphonselwe inselelo yi-DECO kanye nabanikazi abaningi, ngemuva kokuba amacala amaningi abikwayo ngomthelela omubi ukungenelela okunawo ezimotweni ezithintekayo.Nokho, iPortugal ayikathathi izinqumo ezifana nalezi esizibona emadolobheni amaningi nasemazweni ase-Europe.
Imiphumela
Yebo, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi isigwebo sithini, imiphumela yaleli hlazo yayizozwakala embonini. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lapho ukuhlolwa okwengeziwe emhlabathini waseYurophu kwembula ukuthi kwakungewona nje amamodeli eqembu lakwaVolkswagen ayekhipha umoya ongaphezu komkhawulo ezimweni zangempela.
I-European Commission yashintsha imithetho yokugunyazwa kwezimoto, futhi uma kwenzeka kukhona okungahambi kahle, manje inamandla okuhlawulisa abakhiqizi kuze kufike ku-30,000 euros ngemoto ngayinye, ngesilinganiso esifanayo nalokho okwakuvele kusebenza e-USA.
Kodwa mhlawumbe ukusabela okushisayo kube ukuvimbela izinjini zikadizili ezindaweni zasemadolobheni. Ukukhishwa kwe-NOx ngokusobala kuthathe indawo yesihloko sokukhishwa kwe-CO2 kule ngxoxo . Besilokhu sibika ngezinhlelo ezivimbelayo - ezinye ezingokoqobo, ezinye ezithandekayo, kuye ngezinsuku zokugcina ezimenyezelwe - hhayi nje ngezinjini zikadizili, kodwa nazo zonke izinjini ezivuthayo.
Isinqumo seNkantolo Ephakeme Yokuphatha yaseLeipzig, eJalimane, sanikeza amadolobha aseJalimane amandla esinqumweni sokuvala noma sokungavinjelwa kwezinjini zikadizili. IHamburg izoba yidolobha lokuqala ukwenza uhlelo - oluqala kuleli sonto - oluzovimbela ukusakazwa kwayo ngaphakathi kwemingcele yalo, noma kancane kancane, kuqalwa kwakudala.
Ukuncika kukadizili
Ngokwemvelo, impi kadizili esiyibonile yaba nomphumela osobala kakhulu wokuwa kwentengiso, ebeka abakhiqizi baseYurophu ebunzimeni. Hhayi ngokombono wezohwebo, kodwa ngokombono wokuhlangabezana nezinhloso zokunciphisa i-CO2 - izinjini zikadizili zazibalulekile futhi zibalulekile ekufezeni lokho. Kusukela ngo-2021 kuye phambili, isilinganiso kuzofanele sibe ngu-95 g/km (inani liyahlukahluka ngamaqembu).
Ukwehla okusheshayo kokuthengiswa esikubonayo sekubangele, ngo-2017, ukwanda kokukhishwa kwe-CO2 ezimotweni ezintsha ezidayisiwe. Kuzoba nzima kwabakhi ukufeza izinhloso ezihlongozwayo, ikakhulukazi kulabo abathembele kakhulu ekudayisweni kwalolu hlobo lwenjini.
Futhi naphezu kwekusasa elizobe lisebenza ngogesi, iqiniso liwukuthi ivolumu yokuthengisa yamanje nelindelwe kuze kube ngu-2021 e-Europe, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ugesi omsulwa noma i-hybrid, akwanele futhi ngeke kwanele ukuqeda ukulahlekelwa kokuthengiswa kwamamotho.
Ukuphela Kwedizili?
Ingabe izinjini zikadizili zizophuma ngokushesha kakhulu kunalokho obekulindelwe? Ezimotweni ezilula kungenzeka kakhulu, futhi izinhlobo eziningi sezivele zimemezele ukuzibophezela kwazo ekukhipheni lolu hlobo lwenjini kumakhathalogi azo, kungaba ngamamodeli athile noma kulo lonke uhla lwazo, bethula endaweni yazo izinjini ezivuthayo ezinamazinga ahlukahlukene okufaka ugesi—i-semi- ama-hybrids, ama-hybrids, nama-plug-in hybrids—kanye nama-electric amasha. Eqinisweni, zilungiselele - lapha kufika isikhukhula samathilamu.
Siphinde samemezela ukuphela kukaDiesel esikhathini esingangonyaka esidlule:
Kodwa kubonakala sengathi kube isimemezelo sangaphambi kwesikhathi ngakithi:
Njengoba sesishilo, abakwaDiesel base bevele benesethi yekusasa labo, benayo noma bengenayo iDieselgate. Eminyakeni eminingi ngaphambi kwe-Dieselgate, imephu yokwethulwa kwezindinganiso zokukhishwa kwe-Euro 6 yayisivele yenziwe - izinga le-Euro 6D kulindeleke ukuthi lingene ngo-2020, futhi izindinganiso zesikhathi esizayo sezidingidwa - kanye nokungena kokuhlolwa okusha kwe-WLTP ne-RDE. amaphrothokholi, kanye nethagethi engu-95 g/km ye-CO2.
Ngokwemvelo, abakhiqizi base besebenza kakade ekuxazululeni izixazululo zobuchwepheshe ukuze hhayi kuphela izinjini ze-diesel, kodwa zonke izinjini zabo ezivuthayo, zingahambisana nayo yonke imithetho yesikhathi esizayo.
Kuyiqiniso ukuthi i-Dieselgate ifike yangabaza ukuthuthukiswa kwezinjini ezintsha zikadizili - ezinye zaze zakhanselwa. Nokho, sikubonile ukwethulwa kweziphakamiso ezintsha zikaDizili - kungaba izinguqulo ezibuyekeziwe zezinjini ezikhona ukuze zihambisane nemithetho emisha, noma izinjini ezintsha. Futhi njengoba sibona ezinjinini zikaphethiloli, udizili nawo uzofakwa ugesi ngokwengxenye, ngamasistimu ama-semi-hybrid asuselwa kuzakhiwo zikagesi eziyi-12 noma ezingama-48V.
Uma udizili unekusasa? sikholwa njalo
Uma ezimotweni ezilula, ikakhulukazi eziminyene kakhulu, ikusasa lazo libukeka lintekenteke kakhulu - futhi kufanele sivume ukuthi ezimotweni ezihamba emadolobheni kuphela akuyona indlela engcono kakhulu - kunezinhlobo ezithile ezisafaneleka kakhulu kuzo. . Ama-SUV, ikakhulukazi amakhulu, ayizinto ezinhle kakhulu zokwamukela lolu hlobo lwenjini.
Ukwengeza, intuthuko yezobuchwepheshe esiyibonayo kulolu hlobo lwesitimela esisebenza ngogesi iyaqhubeka nokuba bucayi ekuthuthweni okukhulu kwabagibeli nezimpahla - ubuchwepheshe bukagesi zisazothatha isikhashana ukushintshwa okusebenzayo.
Ekugcineni, hhayi ngezinga lakhe lokucasuka, omunye wabalingiswa abayinhloko ekuhlaselweni kwe-emissions, futhi nguye owanikeza isisombululo "soguquko" sokunciphisa kakhulu ukukhishwa kwe-NOx ku-Diesels, okuthi, uma kufakazelwa, kungaqinisekisa ukuthi kungenzeka yini lokhu. uhlobo lwezimoto eminyakeni ezayo.
Ingabe kwanele ukuqinisekisa ukuphila kukadizili emakethe? Sizobona.