Ngenxa yokuthi isihloko siyinkimbinkimbi, ake siqale sichaze kafushane umqondo wesilinganiso sokucindezela ukuze siqonde ukuthi kungani injini yokucindezela eguquguqukayo yakwaNissan ye-VC-T imangalisa kangaka? Ngakho-ke ngizozama ukwenza lula, engcupheni yokwenza okuthile okungalungile - uma lokho kwenzeka ungahlala uvakashela i-Facebook yethu futhi usishiye amazwana.
Linganisa ini?
Isilinganiso sokucindezela inani lezikhathi lapho ivolumu enikeziwe icindezelwa khona ngaphakathi kusilinda. Isibonelo esisebenzayo: injini engu-1.0 litre eyi-four-cylinder enesilinganiso esingu-10:1 inamasilinda angu-250 cm³ okuthi, endaweni yawo engaphezulu efile, iminyanise ingxube ibe yivolumu engama-25 cm³ - okungukuthi, ifike engxenyeni eyodwa kweshumi yomthamo wayo ( 10:1). Inguqulo eyinkimbinkimbi yencazelo yesilinganiso sokucindezela ingabonwa lapha.Futhi kungani lokhu kubaluleke kangaka?
Ngenxa yokuthi uma injini inezinga eliphezulu lokucindezelwa, kuba ngcono ukusebenza kahle kwayo. Ukucindezelwa okukhulu kwenjini, ukwanda kwamagesi okubangelwa ukuqhuma futhi ngenxa yalokho ukwehla kwepiston nenduku yokuxhuma ngokushesha, ngakho-ke ukugudluzwa ngokushesha kwe-crankshaft - ekugcineni kuholele ekunyakazeni okwengeziwe kokudluliselwa emotweni. amasondo. Yingakho izimoto zezemidlalo zinezilinganiso eziphezulu zokucindezela - isibonelo, injini ye-V10 ye-Audi R8 icindezela izikhathi ezingu-12.7 umthamo wayo.
Pho kungani zonke izimoto zingenakho ukucindezelwa okuphezulu?
Ngenxa yezizathu ezimbili: isizathu sokuqala ukuthi ingxube iqhuma kuqala kanti isizathu sesibili ukuthi kuyabiza ukwenza injini enezinga eliphezulu lokucindezela. Kodwa masiqale ngesizathu sokuqala. Njengoba isilinganiso sokuminyanisa sikhula, izinga lokushisa liyakhula lengxube yamafutha omoya ngaphakathi kwegumbi elivuthayo futhi lokhu kukhula kwezinga lokushisa kungaholela ekuthungeleni ngaphambi kokuba ipiston ifinyelele endaweni efile ephezulu. Igama lalesi simo liwukuqhunyiswa kwangaphambi kokuqhunyiswa futhi kungenxa yalokhu ukuthi izinhlobo zezimoto ziphoqeleka ukuthi zikhiqize izinjini ezinama-conservative compression ratios, enamamephu okushisa kanye nomjovo aklanyelwe ukuvikela injini kulesi simo ngezindleko zokusebenza kahle kakhulu.Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukukhiqiza izinjini ezinezilinganiso eziphezulu zokuminyanisa nakho kuyabiza (kumabhrendi futhi ngenxa yalokho kumakhasimende…). Ngenxa yokuthi ukuze kugwenywe ukuqhunyiswa ngaphambili ezinjinini ezinezilinganiso eziphezulu zokuminyanisa, izinhlobo kufanele ziphendukele ezintweni eziphakeme nezimelana kakhulu ezihlakaza ukushisa okukhiqizwa enjinini ngendlela ephumelela kakhudlwana.
AbakwaNissan bathola (ekugcineni!) isisombululo
Eminyakeni engu-25 edlule izinhlobo eziningana ziye zazama ukunqoba ukulinganiselwa kwezinjini kuleli zinga kodwa zahluleka. I-Saab yayingolunye lwemikhiqizo eyasondela, yaze yethula injini eguquguqukayo, okwathi ngenxa yokunyakaza kwekhanda lenjini, yakwazi ukukhulisa noma ukwehlisa umthamo we-cubic wegumbi lomlilo. ngakho-ke isilinganiso sokucindezela. Inkinga? Uhlelo lube namaphutha ekuthembekeni futhi aluzange lwenze ukukhiqizwa. Ngenjabulo...
Uhlobo lokuqala lokuthola isisombululo kwaba, njengoba sishilo, iNissan. Inkampani ezokwethula injini yokuqala emhlabeni yokucindezela okuguquguqukayo ngoSepthemba embukisweni wezimoto iParis Motor Show. Ingu-2.0 Turbo injini enamandla angu-274 hp kanye ne-torque engu-390 Nm. Le njini izoqale yethulwe e-U.S.A kuphela, ingena esikhundleni senjini engu-3.5 V6 okumanje ehlomisa izinhlobo ze-Infiniti (isigaba se-premium kwaNissan).
I-Nissan yakufeza kanjani lokhu?
Kwakungubuthakathi. Ngiyadlala… bekuwunjiniyela omsulwa. Ezinjinini ezejwayelekile izinduku zokuxhuma (leyongalo “ebamba” ipiston) zixhunywe ngqo ku-crankshaft, enjinini yakwaNissan VC-T akwenzeki. Njengoba ubona esithombeni esingezansi:
Kule njini ye-Nissan eguquguqukayo ubude benduku yokuxhuma eyinhloko yehliswa futhi yaxhunywa ku-lever ephakathi nendawo ejikijelwe ku-crankshaft futhi yaxhunywa kwintonga yokuxhuma yesibili ehambayo ebhekene nenduku yokuxhuma eshintshayo izinga lokunyakaza kwepiston. Lapho iyunithi yokulawula injini inquma ukuthi kuyadingeka ukwandisa noma ukunciphisa isilinganiso sokucindezela, i-actuator ishintsha i-engeli ye-lever ephakathi, iphakamisa noma yehlisa induku yokuxhuma futhi ngenxa yalokho ishintsha ukucindezela phakathi kuka-8: 1 no-14: 1. Ngakho-ke, injini ye-Nissan ikwazi ukuhlanganisa okuhamba phambili kwayo yomibili imihlaba: ukusebenza kahle okuphezulu ku-rpm ephansi namandla engeziwe nge-rpm ephezulu, ukugwema umphumela wokuqhunyiswa kwangaphambili.
Lokhu kuhluka kwesilinganiso sokucindezela kwenjini kungenzeka kuphela ngokuyimpumelelo futhi kunoma yiliphi ibanga le-rpm, ngenxa yenqwaba yezinzwa ezisabalele kuyo yonke injini. Lezi zithumela amakhulu ezinkulungwane zolwazi ngomzuzwana ku-ECU ngesikhathi sangempela (izinga lokushisa lomoya, igumbi elivuthayo, ukuthatha, i-turbo, inani le-oxygen engxube, njll.), okuvumela isilinganiso sokucindezela ukuba sishintshwe ngokufanele. izidingo yemoto. Le njini iphinde ifakwe isistimu ye-valve eguquguqukayo yesikhathi ukuze ilingise umjikelezo we-Atkinson, lapho amavalvu okukhipha amanzi ahlala evulekile isikhathi eside ukuze kuphume umoya kuwo, ngaleyo ndlela kuncishiswe ukumelana ne-aerodynamic kwenjini esigabeni sokuminyanisa.
Labo abamemezela ngokuphindaphindiwe ukuphela kwenjini evuthayo yangaphakathi kufanele babuyele emuva ukuze "bagcine isiginci esikhwameni" . Izinjini "ezindala" zangaphakathi ezivuthayo sezivele zingaphezu kweminyaka engu-120 ubudala futhi kubonakala sengathi zizohlala lapha. Kusazobonakala ukuthi lesi sixazululo sizothenjwa yini.
Umlando omncane?
Izifundo zokuqala ngemiphumela yesilinganiso sokucindezela ekusebenzeni kahle komjikelezo wemisebenzi yezinjini ezivuthayo zangaphakathi zihlehlela emuva ku-1920, lapho unjiniyela waseBrithani uHarry Ricardo ehola uMnyango Wokuthuthukiswa Kwezindiza weRoyal Air Force (RAF). Omunye wemisebenzi yayo ebaluleke kakhulu kwakuwukuthola isisombululo sokusebenzisa kakhulu uphethiloli wendiza ye-RAF kanye nebanga elifushane lokundiza lazo. Ukuze atadishe izimbangela nezisombululo zale nkinga, u-Harry Ricardo wakha injini yokuhlola ene-compression eguquguqukayo lapho athola khona (phakathi kwezinye izinto) ukuthi ezinye izibaseli zimelana kakhulu nokuqhunyiswa. Lolu cwaningo lufinyelele umvuthwandaba ekudalweni kwesistimu yokuqala yokulinganisa i-fuel octane.
Kwakungenxa yalezi zifundo lapho, ngokokuqala ngqa, kwafinyelelwa esiphethweni sokuthi izilinganiso zokucindezela eziphezulu zisebenza kahle kakhulu futhi zidinga uphethiloli omncane ukuze kukhiqizwe amandla afanayo emishini. Kwakusukela ngalesi sikhathi lapho izinjini ezinkulu ezinamalitha angama-25 we-cubic umthamo - esiwazi ngezindiza zeMpi Yezwe I - zaqala ukunikeza amayunithi amancane nasebenza kahle kakhulu. Ukuhamba nge-Transatlantic kwaba ngokoqobo futhi ukulinganiselwa kwamasu phakathi nempi (ngenxa yohlu lwezinjini) kwehliswa.
