Amabhethri. Inkinga yaphakade yezinto zikagesi, kungaba omakhalekhukhwini, izimoto noma… ngisho nokulawulwa kukamabonakude ekhaya (kodwa ungaqhubeki ucindezela izinkinobho). Kodwa mhlawumbe akuyona inkinga “yaphakade” njengaleyo...
Abacwaningi eNyuvesi yaseBristol eNgilandi bathole indlela yokuguqula izinkulungwane zamathani emfucumfucu yenuzi ibe amabhethri edayimane. Lawa mabhethri angaphehla amandla kagesi ngaphezu kweminyaka eyi-10,000 ngaphandle kwesidingo sokushajwa kabusha.
Kodwa ukuqonda kangcono le nqubo entsha, kufanelekile ukunikeza imigqa embalwa endleleni esikhiqiza ngayo ugesi njengamanje.
Njengamanje, zonke izinqubo ezisetshenziselwa ukukhiqiza ugesi zidinga umthombo wamandla, osetshenziselwa ukuvula i-magnet (coil) futhi ukhiqize wamanje. Lena yindlela, isibonelo, izitshalo zikagesi wamanzi (amadamu), imibhoshongo yomoya, izitshalo ezisebenza ngogesi oshisayo noma izitshalo zenuzi.
Endabeni yamandla omoya, okwenza ama-blade ajikeleze futhi ngenxa yalokho ikhoyili umoya. Ezitshalweni zamandla kagesi we-thermoelectric kanye ne-nuclear, iwumhwamuko wamanzi ngomfutho ophezulu, oshiswa ukushiswa kwezinto ezihlukahlukene noma izinga lokushisa le-uranium, okwenza ikhoyili ikhiqize amandla amanje. Zonke lezi zindlela zinezinzuzo kanye nokubi.
Endabeni yamadamu, umthelela uvela ezingeni lezilwane nezitshalo zendawo. Ezinye izinhlobo zikhiqiza imfucuza (iziteshi zamandla enyukliya) noma zikhiphele ukungcola emkhathini (iziteshi zamandla kagesi ezibaselwa ngamalahle, njll.).
Imfihlo yamabhethri edayimane
Ngokungafani nezibonelo zangaphambilini, amabhethri edayimane awadingi amandla e-kinetic ukuze akhiqize amandla kagesi. Uma i-radioactive material iphendulwa idayimane, ikhiqiza ngokuzenzakalelayo amandla kagesi.
UTom Scott, uProfesa Wezinto Zokusebenza eNyuvesi yaseBristolAzikho izingxenye ezihambayo ezihilelekile kumabhethri edayimane, azikho izinto ezikhishwayo ezingcolile futhi akukho kunakekelwa
Amabhethri edayimane akhiqizwa kusukela ku-Carbon-14, kamuva eguqulwa ibe idayimane lokwenziwa - njengoba wazi, impahla yedayimane eluhlaza yikhabhoni, i-carbon nje.
Enye inzuzo yokusebenzisa i-Carbon-14 ukuthi le nto iyinsalela yamabhulokhi e-graphite asetshenziselwa ukulawula ukusabela ku-nuclei yezitshalo zamandla enyukliya. Lawa mabhuloki, ngemva kokusetshenziswa, ayimfucuza enemisebe engenamsebenzi nhlobo. Kuze kube manje…
Ikusasa “elihlanzekile” lemfucuza yenuzi
Ngenxa yalobu buchwepheshe, kungenzeka ukunikeza ukusetshenziswa okusha kuphupho elibi lezezimali, lezemvelo kanye nelezinto ezisetshenziswayo zemfucuza ekhipha imisebe.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, imisebe yebanga elifushane ye-Carbon-14 kulula ukuyilawula futhi kulula ukumuncwa ezinye izinto ezifana namadayimane.
Futhi ukuze kungabikho ingozi yokukhishwa kwemisebe, abacwaningi benza uqweqwe oluqinile olukwazi ukuqukatha imisebe. Ikhipha imisebe emincane kunobhanana, kodwa nakhu siphuma...
Ayini amandla wamandla amabhethri edayimane?
Ngaphezu kwalokho okucabangayo. Ibhethri eliqukethe igremu elingu-1 le-Carbon-14 lingathatha iminyaka engu-5,730 ukuthi lishajwe ngo-50%. Ngokufana nomakhalekhukhwini wami… noma cha!
Uma kuqhathaniswa, ibhethri elinegremu elingu-1 le-Carbon-14 lingakwazi ukukhiqiza ama-joule angu-15 nsuku zonke. Isitaki se-AA samagremu angu-20 wezinto ezibonakalayo singabamba kufika kuma-joule angu-700 igremu ngalinye, kodwa singasetshenziswa emahoreni angu-24 nje okusetshenziswa okuqhubekayo.
Sikhumbula ukuthi kungenzeka ukwakha ibhethri elingaphezu kwegremu elingu-1 le-Carbon-14, esikhathini esizayo singaba nebhethri elicishe libe “elingunaphakade”, noma okungenani, elinempilo esebenzisekayo ende kakhulu kunokuphila komuntu.
Kuphephile?
Ngokusobala, imisebe ekhishwa yilawa mabhethri inamandla njenge… banana. Yebo, ubhanana. Buka ividiyo (umzuzu 3:30):
Ngokusho kweNyuvesi yaseBristol, “Lawa mabhethri angasetshenziswa ezimeni lapho kungenzeki khona ukushaja noma ukushintsha ibhethri elivamile. Esinye sezibonelo ezisobala kakhulu abenzi bejubane beziguli zenhliziyo, amabhethri amasathelayithi noma imikhumbi-mkhathi. Mhlawumbe, embonini yezimoto kungase kube nendima.
Leli qembu labacwaningi likholelwa ukuthi kusekude phambili, kodwa amandla alobu buchwepheshe angokoqobo. Manje uma uzongixolela, ngizofaka ifoni eshajini...